Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
 6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Site-specific substitutions of arginine for lysine in the thermostable D-xylose isomerase (XI) from Actinoplanes missouriensis are shown to impart significant heat stability enhancement in the presence of sugar substrates most probably by interfering with nonenzymatic glycation. The same substitutions are also found to increase heat stability in the absence of any sugar derivatives, where a mechanism based on prevention of glycation can no longer be invoked. This rather conservative substitution is moreover shown to improve thermostability in two other structurally unrelated proteins, human copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from Bacillus subtilis. The stabilizing effect of Lys----Arg substitutions is rationalized on the basis of a detailed analysis of the crystal structures of wild-type XI and of engineered variants with Lys----Arg substitution at four distinct locations, residues 253, 309, 319, and 323. Molecular model building analysis of the structures of wild-type and mutant CuZnSOD (K9R) and GAPDH (G281K and G281R) is used to explain the observed stability enhancement in these proteins. In addition to demonstrating that even thermostable proteins can lend themselves to further stability improvement, our findings provide direct evidence that arginine residues are important stabilizing elements in proteins. Moreover, the stabilizing role of electrostatic interactions, particularly between subunits in oligomeric proteins, is documented.
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PMID:Arginine residues as stabilizing elements in proteins. 154 May 79

P. falciparum lacks a functional citric acid cycle. Unlike most tissues of the mammalian host, it is totally dependent on glycolysis for energy generation. A compound which selectively inhibits the parasite's ATP-generating machinery is therefore a potential antimalarial agent. Such a drug may interact in two ways: a) by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme or b) by disturbing the micro-organization of consecutive enzymes in a metabolic pathway. In mammalian tissues the glycolytic pathway involves the cytoskeleton as a matrix to keep phosphofructokinase, aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in an optimal sterical position for rapid substrate conversion. For instance, these three enzymes bind to the band 3 protein in erythrocytes or to actin in muscle cells. P. falciparum aldolase binds with very high affinity to the band 3 protein of human erythrocyte ghosts. However, the true in vivo site of association is believed to be actin II of P. falciparum. This actin has a sequence element which is almost identical to that of the band 3 aldolase binding site. We therefore suppose that plasmodia exploit a similar matrix organization. If true, the association of these enzymes with the cytoskeleton is a target for novel antimalarials. In contrast to all vertebrate aldolases, P. falciparum and P. berghei aldolases have two neighbouring lysine residues near the carboxy-terminus. We show here that mutagenesis of these basic residues has an effect on the catalytic constants Vmax and KM and moreover, the ability to bind to band 3 is reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Is Plasmodium falciparum aldolase useful for rational drug design? 182 Jul 2

The genes for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gap genes) from the mesophilic methanogenic archaebacteria Methanobacterium formicicum and Methanobacterium bryantii were cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences show 95% identity to each other and about 70% identity to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the thermophilic methanogenic archaebacterium Methanothermus fervidus. Although the sequence similarity between the archaebacterial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the homologous enzyme of eubacteria and eukaryotes is low, an equivalent secondary-structural arrangement can be deduced from the profiles of the physical parameters hydropathy, chain flexibility and amphipathy. In order to find possible thermophile-specific structural features of the enzyme from M. fervidus, a comparative primary-sequence analysis was performed. Amino acid exchanges leading, to a stabilization of the main-chain conformation, could be found throughout the sequence of the thermophile enzyme. Striking features of the thermophile sequence are the preference for isoleucine, especially in beta-sheets, and a low arginine/lysine ratio of 0.54.
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PMID:Nucleotide sequence of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from the mesophilic methanogenic archaebacteria Methanobacterium bryantii and Methanobacterium formicicum. Comparison with the respective gene structure of the closely related extreme thermophile Methanothermus fervidus. 249 40

A tentative but almost complete amino acid sequence for the subunit peptide chain of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase indicates a minimal size of 506 residues with a molecular weight of 56,100, in accord with the physical size of the subunit of 55,900. Inactivation with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride, has permitted identification of the essential lysine as residue 97. Nitration of tyrosine-412 is accompanied by loss of the allosteric inhibitory effect of guanosine triphosphate. Comparison of the sequences of glutamate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has indicated that only two 12-residue sequences are similar in the two enzymes; this sequence includes reactive lysine-97 of the former enzyme.
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PMID:Bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase: tentative amino acid sequence; identification of a reactive lysine; nitration of a specific tyrosine and loss of allosteric inhibition by guanosine triphosphate. 528 18

The asd gene of escherichia coli encodes aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in lysine, threonine, and methionine biosynthesis; its synthesis is controlled by a multivalent repression mechanism. It was cloned in plasmid pBR322 and its complete nucleotide sequence determined. The sequence predicts a polypeptide chain of 367 amino acids, in good agreement with results obtained for the purified protein ( Biellmann et al., 1980a ). Our data indicate a Cys residue instead of a His residue, which was proposed after covalent labeling of the active center of the enzyme; this is more in line with the catalytic site of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme which carries out a similar reaction. The nucleotide sequence that precedes the translational start does not display any of the characteristic features of an attenuation signal. Hence the expression of the asd gene is probably not controlled in the same way as other multivalently repressed operons such as ilva and thr.
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PMID:Nucleotide sequence of the asd gene of Escherichia coli: absence of a typical attenuation signal. 614 62

1. The complete amino acid sequence of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the moderate thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus has been determined. 2. This has been achieved largely by the automated sequence analysis of large fragements derived by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide, BNPS-skatole [the product of reaction between N-bromosuccinimide and 2-(nitrophenyl-sulphenyl)-3-methylindole] and hydroxylamine and enzymic hydrolysis with trypsin at arginine residues. 3. The sequence is as follows: (See Text). It has been numbered to maximise homology with the four complete sequences of this enzyme from other sources. Hence the N-terminal residue is numberd 0 and two deletions and two insertions have been introduced. 4. The inability of the B. stearothermophilus apo-enzyme to transfer an acyl moiety from Cys-149 to Lys-183 oberved with muscle enzymes is explained by the replacement of lysine by arginine in the enzyme from the thermophilic organism. 5. The sequences of the S-loop regions, which form the core of the tetrameric enzyme, are similar to each other in B. stearothermophilus and Thermus aquaticus and differ from the highly conserved S-loops of three enzymes from mesophiles.
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PMID:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Complete amino-acid sequence of the enzyme from Bacillus stearothermophilus. 740 68

Molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) present antigenic peptides to T cells. Sequencing peptide pools eluted from MHC class I molecules has established allele-specific peptide binding motifs. We applied pool sequencing to analyze human MHC class II-bound peptides and found that HLA-DQ2-eluted peptides predominantly contained lysine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine at relative position i, i + 3 and i + 8, respectively. These residues putatively represent anchor residues for MHC binding. Analysis of a heterogeneous HLA-DPw3/DPw4-eluted peptide pool yielded a sequence matching an epitope from the endogenous enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This self-peptide and a partially identical, known allo-epitope bound specifically to DPw3 and DR13 molecules, suggesting the sharing of a binding motif. In particular, the presence of an arginine at relative position 4 appeared important for binding to these HLA class II specificities. Thus, pool sequencing is applicable for the analysis of MHC class II-eluted peptides.
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PMID:Identification of an HLA-DQ2 peptide binding motif and HLA-DPw3-bound self-peptide by pool sequencing. 829 86

We report here the development of an immunochemical procedure that uses an antibody specific to the 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) moiety for the detection of HNE-protein adducts. The HNE-specific antibody was prepared by immunizing rabbits with a HNE-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate and purifying the rabbit serum on an affinity gel prepared by covalent attachment of a HNE-conjugated heptapeptide. When various preparations of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase containing 0-7.0 equivalent of HNE-histidine residues per subunit were obtained by incubating samples of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with increased amounts of HNE and subjected to immunoblotting with the HNE-specific antibody, the intensities of the blots were directly proportional to the number of HNE-histidine adducts as measured directly by amino acid analysis. Binding of the HNE-conjugated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to the HNE-specific antibody could be completely inhibited by HNE-N-acetylhistidine, HNE-N-acetyllysine, or HNE-glutathione, suggesting that the antigenic determinant recognized by the antibody is the HNE moiety, not the HNE-amino acid conjugates, such as HNE-histidine, HNE-lysine, and HNE-cysteine. The utility of the HNE-specific antibody was demonstrated by its ability to react selectively with a number of HNE-protein adducts in immunoblot analyses of crude homogenates of rat liver hepatocytes that had been exposed to HNE or oxidative stresses with tert-butylhydroperoxide or metal-ion-catalyzed oxidation systems.
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PMID:Immunochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in oxidized hepatocytes. 837 58

Cytotoxic action of membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is due mainly to its facile reactivity with proteins (Esterbauer, H., Schaur, R. J., and Zollner, H. (1991) Free Radical Biol. Med. 11, 77-80). In the present study, the detailed mechanism of HNE modification of a key enzyme in intermediary metabolism, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), is studied mainly focusing on the formation of HNE-amino acid adducts in the enzyme. When GAPDH (1 mg/ml) was treated with 0-2 mM HNE in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for 2 h at 37 degrees C, the enzyme was inactivated by HNE in a concentration-dependent manner. The loss of enzyme activity was associated with the loss of free sulfhydryl groups. Following its reduction with NaBH4, amino acid analysis of the HNE-modified enzyme demonstrated that histidine and lysine residues were also modified. At concentrations lower than 0.5 mM, HNE reacts preferentially with cysteine and lysine residues. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the HNE-modified enzyme suggested the formation of intra- and intermolecular cross-links of the enzyme subunit. The HNE-dependent loss of amino acid residues was accompanied by the generation of protein-linked carbonyl derivatives as assessed by reduction with NaB[3H]H4 and reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Thus, the conjugation of all the amino acids appears to involve Michael addition type reactions in which the carbonyl function of HNE would be preserved. The modified histidine residues were quantitatively recovered as the HNE-histidine adduct. However, only 28% of the missing lysine could be accounted for as the HNE-lysine derivative, and only 15.6% of the modified cysteine could be accounted for as the HNE-cysteine thioether derivative. It is proposed that the carbonyl groups of the HNE-derived Michael addition products may undergo secondary reactions with the amino acid groups of lysine residues to yield inter- and intrasubunit cross-links.
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PMID:Covalent attachment of 4-hydroxynonenal to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. A possible involvement of intra- and intermolecular cross-linking reaction. 845 10

Red blood cell (RBC) protein 4.2 deficiency is often associated with a moderate nonimmune hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, and osmotically fragile RBCs resembling, but not identical to, hereditary spherocytosis (HS). In the Japanese type of protein 4.2 deficiency (protein 4.2Nippon), the anemia is associated with a point mutation in the protein 4.2 cDNA. In this report, we describe a patient with moderate and apparently episodic nonimmune hemolytic anemia with splenomegaly, spherocytosis, osmotically fragile RBCs, reduced whole cell deformability, and abnormally dense cells. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the proposita's RBC membrane proteins showed an 88% deficiency of protein 4.2 and a 30% deficiency of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (band 6). Structural and molecular analyses of the proposita's protein 4.2 were normal. In contrast, limited tryptic digestion of the proposita's band 3 showed a homozygous abnormality in the cytoplasmic domain. Analysis of the pedigree disclosed six members who were heterozygotes for the band 3 structural abnormality and one member who was a normal homozygote. Direct sequence analysis of the abnormal band 3 tryptic peptide suggested that the structural abnormality resided at or near residue 40. Sequence analysis of the proposita's band 3 cDNA showed a 232G-->A mutation resulting in a 40glutamic acid-->lysine substitution (band 3Montefiore). Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization was used to probe for the mutation in the pedigree, showing that the proposita was homozygous, and the pedigree members who were heterozygous for the band 3 structural abnormality were also heterozygous for the band 3Montefiore mutation. The band 3Montefiore mutation was absent in 26 chromosomes from race-matched controls and in one pedigree member who did not express the band 3 structural abnormality. In coincidence with splenectomy, the proposita's anemia was largely corrected along with the disappearance of most spherocytes and considerable improvements of RBC osmotic fragility, whole cell deformability, and cell density. We conclude that this hereditary hemolytic anemia is associated with the homozygous state for band 3Montefiore (40glutamic acid-->lysine) and a decreased RBC membrane content of protein 4.2. We speculate that band 3 structural abnormalities can result in defective interactions with protein 4.2 and band 6, and in particular, that the region of band 3 containing 40glutamic acid is involved directly or indirectly in interactions with these proteins.
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PMID:Human erythrocyte protein 4.2 deficiency associated with hemolytic anemia and a homozygous 40glutamic acid-->lysine substitution in the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (band 3Montefiore). 847 74


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