Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
 6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eye muscle (EM) and retroorbital fat tissue are two major sites of involvement in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Lymphocytic infiltration in these tissues is a prominent histological feature of TAO. We have investigated the cytokine gene profiles in EM and orbital fat (OF) tissues from patients with TAO. Total RNA was isolated from EM tissue of 14 patients and from OF tissues of 29 patients with TAO. Cytokine gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR using paired primers for interferon gamma (IFNgamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, CD4, CD8, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. IFNgamma, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) were mainly detected in EM tissue, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA were detected in only one patient. On the other hand, in OF tissue, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA were detected in 24% and 38% of the patients, respectively, and IFNgamma, IL-1beta, and IL-6 mRNA were less often detected compared with EM tissue. The enlargement of EM tissue as assessed by computed tomography correlated significantly with TNFalpha mRNA expression in EM tissue. The orbital volume was positively correlated with IL-6 mRNA expression and negatively correlated with IL-4 mRNA and IL-10 mRNA expression in OF tissue. These results suggest that T helper (Th) 1-like cytokines predominate in EM tissue in most patients and that the predominant cytokine profile in OF tissue varies from patient to patient. Both Th1-like and Th2-like immune responses may play roles in the development of two components of ophthalmopathy.
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PMID:Cytokine profiles in eye muscle tissue and orbital fat tissue from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. 1072 61

The radiolabeled somatostatin (SST) analog octreotide accumulates within the orbits of active Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), and octreotide and lanreotide have been proposed to treat this disorder. It is still unclear which retroorbital cells the SST analogs target. Lymphocytic infiltration of retroorbital tissues is a peculiarity of GO, and labeled octreotide could accumulate at specific sites on retroorbital-activated lymphocytes. The accumulation of radiolabeled analogs is due to the interaction with specific cell surface SST receptors. Five subtypes of somatostatin receptors (SST1-5), member of the G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane superfamily, are described. It still unknown which SST subtype is expressed in retroorbital activated lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of SST1-5 genes in lymphocytes recovered from retroorbital tissues obtained from patients with GO undergoing orbital decompression. Cultured phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from retroorbital blood samples, drawn during orbital surgery in five patients with GO and in two control patients without autoimmune or thyroid diseases and without orbital inflammatory conditions, were also studied. RT-PCR of total RNA extracted from lymphocytes was performed using primers for SST1-5 and, as internal control, for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. All SSTs transcripts were found in lymphocytes both from GO retroorbital tissues and blood samples. The levels of expression of SST1, -2, and -4 mRNA were higher than those of the SST3 and -5 transcripts. In the lymphocytes from control subjects, the SST subtypes with high affinity for octreotide were barely found. The presence, even if at different concentrations, of all SST1-5 receptors in retroorbital lymphocytes from GO shows that they are targeted by SST analogs and could explain the effects described in GO patients treated with SST analogs.
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PMID:Somatostatin receptor genes are expressed in lymphocytes from retroorbital tissues in Graves' disease. 1241 82