Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase)
 8,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The study objective was to evaluate the effect of endocrine and mechanical (gel release) signaling on bovine mammary epithelial cell ultrastructure and gene expression. Cultures receiving only one stimulus demonstrated partially differentiated ultrastructure, which included abundant polysomes, limited rough endoplasmic reticulum, and absence of secretory products, whereas the 2 stimuli together induced a more complete lactogenic phenotype that included increased rough endoplasmic reticulum, abundant lipid droplets, and secretory vesicles containing casein micelles. The structural data indicated that although synthesis of milk components was initiated, the copious synthesis and secretion associated with stage II lactogenesis was not evident. Microarray analysis revealed that both prolactin and gel release independently regulated several genes linked to a wide array of cellular activities. In combination, they regulated fewer genes targeted to lactogenesis. Genes regulated by the combination treatment included claudin 7, multiple caseins, xanthine oxidoreductase, and several protein synthesis, packaging, and transport genes. Genes related to structural activity including keratin 15 (morphogenesis), alpha-spectrin (cell shape via actin cytoskeleton), and chitinase-like protein 1 (tissue remodeling) were up-regulated by the combination treatment as was the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF-2). However, Snail 2, which down-regulates and inhibits tight junction components, was repressed in response to the combination treatment. These results suggest coordination between endocrine and physical signals at the genomic level that produces a more specific and targeted transcriptional response associated with stage I lactogenesis. A molecular pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that genes regulating cell signaling were linked to those regulating cell structure and adhesion.
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PMID:The effects of endocrine and mechanical stimulation on stage I lactogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. 1829 61

The role of xanthine oxidase (XO) in the defense response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) against the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diuraphis noxia) was studied. Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, and oxygen radicals that are formed as a by-product at both of these oxidation steps may participate in plant defense reactions. A resistant wheat cultivar (Tugela DN), and a close isogenic susceptible cultivar (Tugela), were infested with 20-30 aphids per plant before inhibiting xanthine oxidase by adding allopurinol as a soil drench to the resistant plants. Increases in H(2)O(2) content were detected early after infestation in the resistant wheat, and the downstream defense related responses, chitinase and peroxidase activities, were selectively induced by RWA infestation. These downstream defense responses were substantially inhibited in allopurinol treated-resistant wheat, presumably as a response to inhibition of XO, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). We conclude that the production of active oxygen species through the XO system plays an important role in the induction of defense reactions in wheat against the RWA.
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PMID:Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity results in the inhibition of Russian wheat aphid-induced defense enzymes. 2108 25