Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase)
8,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

NAD(P)-linked aldehyde dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidation of a wide variety of aldehydes. Thirteen of these enzymes have been identified in mouse tissues; eleven are found in the liver. Some are substrate-nonspecific; others are relatively substrate-specific. The present investigation sought to determine which of these enzymes are operative in catalyzing the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A that promotes the differentiation of epithelial and other cells. Spectrophotometric and HPLC assays were used for this purpose. Enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of retinaldehyde (25 microM) was restricted to the cytosol (105,000 g supernatant fraction) and occurred at a rate of 211 nmol/min/g liver; oxidation of acetaldehyde (4 mM) by this fraction proceeds about ten times faster. At least 90% of this activity was NAD dependent. Of the approximately 10% that was apparently NAD independent, two-thirds was inhibited by 1 mM pyridoxal, a known inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. Of the six cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases, only two, viz. AHD-2 and AHD-7, catalyzed the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. An additional NAD-dependent enzyme, viz. xanthine oxidase (dehydrogenase form), also catalyzed the reaction. Catalysis by AHD-2 accounted for more than 90% of the total NAD-dependent activity. Km values were 0.7, 0.6 and 0.9 microM, respectively, for the AHD-2-, AHD-7- and xanthine oxidase (dehydrogenase form)-catalyzed reaction. AHD-4, an aldehyde dehydrogenase found in the cytosol of mouse stomach epithelium and cornea, did not catalyze the reaction.
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PMID:Identification of mouse liver aldehyde dehydrogenases that catalyze the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. 188 36

We reported previously that purpurogallin (PPG) markedly protects the cultured rabbit corneal endothelial cells (RCEC) against oxyradical damage generated with hypoxanthine (HX) and xanthine oxidase (XO)(1). In this study, we further compared the cytoprotective activities of PPG versus Trolox (TX, alpha-tocopherol, a water-soluble analogue of vitamin E) and ascorbate (Asc) in confluent cultured RCEC with phase contrast microscopy and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. PPG prolonged survival of the oxyradical damaged cells longer than those without PPG present (18.6 +/- 1.4 min at 1.0 mM and 11.2 +/- 1.0 at 0.25 mM respectively vs. 7.3 +/- 0.8 min in control). At levels equimolar to PPG, TX, and Asc were less effective in delaying cell necrosis caused by HX and XO (p < 0.01). When exposed to superoxide radicals generated by menadione, RCEC necrosed at 29.8 +/- 1.5 min compared to PPG 47.2 +/- 1.0 min at 1.0 mM and 38.9 +/- 1.0 min at 0.25 mM. This was significantly different from TX and Asc at corresponding concentrations (p < 0.01). PPG scavenges not only HX-XO-generated oxyradicals, but also nonenzymatically produced superoxide radicals, more actively than two well known antioxidants--TX and Asc.
Cornea 1995 Sep
PMID:Comparative cytoprotection of cultured corneal endothelial cells by water-soluble antioxidants against free-radical damage. 853 65

In the normal rabbit cornea and lens the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme belonging to oxidases generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), is present in the corneal epithelium as well as endothelium and lens epithelium. Repeated irradiation of the eyes with UVB rays (5 min 1 x daily, for 1 to 4 days) caused a gradual increase of xanthine oxidase activity, particularly in the corneal epithelium. Application of catalase, a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, to the eye surface during the irradiation diminished the increase of xanthine oxidase activity. On the contrary, the pretreatment of the rabbit eyes with 3-aminotriazole, an inhibitor of catalase, for 3 days before the irradiation enhanced the increase of xanthine oxidase activity. In comparison to untreated eyes, protracted irradiation of the eyes with UVB rays (up to 10 days) caused a decrease of xanthine oxidase activity in the same cell layers of the cornea and lens. It is suggested that xanthine oxidase is involved in the generation of ROS in the anterior eye segment during early irradiation of the eyes with UVB rays and participates in its damage. Prolonged repeated irradiation of the eye (5 min 1 x daily for 5 to 10 days) caused a decrease of xanthine oxidase activity in the cornea and lens which is attributed to profound damage of the whole anterior eye segment.
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PMID:Histochemical study on xanthine oxidase activity in the normal rabbit cornea and lens and after repeated irradiation of the eye with UVB rays. 905 88

The corneas of albino rabbits were irradiated (5 min exposure once a day) with UVB rays (312 nm) for 4 days (shorter procedure) or 8 days (longer procedure). The eyes were examined microbiologically and only the corneas of sterile eyes or eyes with non-pathogenic microbes were employed. Histochemically, the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating oxidases (xanthine oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase and alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase) were examined in cryostat sections of the whole corneas. Biochemically, the activity of xanthine oxidoreductase/xanthine oxidase was investigated in the scraped corneal epithelium. UVB rays significantly changed enzyme activities in the corneas. In comparison to the normal cornea, where of ROS-generating oxidases only xanthine oxidase showed significant activity in the corneal epithelium and endothelium, D-amino acid oxidase was very low and alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase could not be detected at all, in the cornea repeatedly irradiated with UVB rays, increased activities of xanthine oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase were observed in all corneal layers. Only after the longer procedure the xanthine oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase activities were decreased in the thinned epithelium in parallel with its morphological disturbances. Further results show that the xanthine oxidase/xanthine oxidoreductase ratio increased in the epithelium together with the repeated irradiation with UVB rays. This might suggest that xanthine dehydrogenase is converted to xanthine oxidase. However, in comparison to the normal corneal epithelium, the total amount of xanthine oxidoredutase was decreased in the irradiated epithelium. It is presumed that xanthine oxidoreductase might be released extracellularly (into tears) or the enzyme molecules were denatured due to UVB rays (particulary after the longer procedure). Comparative histochemical and biochemical findings suggest that reactive oxygen species-generating oxidases (xanthine oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase) contribute to the corneal damage evoked by UVB rays.
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PMID:Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating oxidases in the normal rabbit cornea and their involvement in the corneal damage evoked by UVB rays. 1133 8

Xanthine oxidoreductase (xanthine dehydrogenase + xanthine oxidase) is a complex enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, subsequently producing uric acid. The enzyme complex exists in separate but interconvertible forms, xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), a well known causative factor in ischemia/reperfusion injury and also in some other pathological states and diseases. Because the enzymes had not been localized in human corneas until now, the aim of this study was to detect xanthine oxidoreductase and xanthine oxidase in the corneas of normal post-mortem human eyes using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Xanthine oxidoreductase activity was demonstrated by the tetrazolium salt reduction method and xanthine oxidase activity was detected by methods based on cerium ion capture of hydrogen peroxide. For immunohistochemical studies. we used rabbit antibovine xanthine oxidase antibody, rabbit antihuman xanthine oxidase antibody and monoclonal mouse antihuman xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase/aldehyde oxidase antibody. The results show that the enzymes are present in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. The activity of xanthine oxidoreductase is higher than that of xanthine oxidase, as clearly seen in the epithelium. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of these enzymes in the diseased human cornea. Based on the findings obtained in this study (xanthine oxidoreductase/xanthine oxidase activities are present in normal human corneas), we hypothesize that during various pathological states, xanthine oxidase-generated ROS might be involved in oxidative eye injury.
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PMID:Xanthine oxidoreductase and xanthine oxidase in human cornea. 1216 84

The exposure of cells to ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B) can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which damage cellular components. Free radical scavengers and antioxidants can interfere with the production of ROS. We measured 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, a marker of oxidative DNA damage in rabbit corneal-derived cells (SIRC) exposed to UV-B in the presence of 4-coumaric acid, a natural polyphenol. The levels of 8-OHdG were increased significantly (P<0.01) following irradiation (from 12+/-1.2x10(-6) to 29+/-6.2x10(-6) dG, means+/-SE). When 10 microM 4-coumaric acid was added to the medium, 8-OHdG levels were similar to those of unexposed cells (16.8+/-0.8x10(-6) dG). UV-B irradiation decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in SIRC cells from 0.29+/-0.6 to 0.15+/-0.04 mU/mg (means+/-SE). The presence of 10 microM 4-coumaric acid prevented the decrease in SOD activity (0.20+/-0.05 mU/mg, P<0.05). On the contrary, SIRC cells exposed to UV-B had higher levels of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity compared with control ones (0.40+/-0.07 and 0.24+/-0.08 mU/mg, means+/-SE, respectively). In the presence of 10 microM 4-coumaric acid, the increase in XO activity was prevented (0.16+/-0.03 mU/mg; mean+/-SE). In conclusion, UV-B-induced oxidative DNA damage in SIRC cells is inhibited by 4-coumaric acid, which, probably through its free radical scavenging activity, stabilizes SOD activity and blocks the increase of XO activity following UV-B irradiation. Thus, the topical use of 4-coumaric acid may prevent free radical damage in the cornea.
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PMID:Protection against ultraviolet B-induced oxidative DNA damage in rabbit corneal-derived cells (SIRC) by 4-coumaric acid. 1249 17

The activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase--the enzymatic scavengers of reactive oxygen species and the activities of xanthine oxidoreductase and xanthine oxidase, an enzyme known to generate reactive oxygen species, were studied in the corneas of normal rabbit eyes of various ages (1 month--young eyes; 4-9.5 months--young adult eyes; 2.0-2.75 years--middle aged eyes; 3.0-5.0 years--aged eyes). The activities of GPX, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidoreductase and xanthine oxidase were investigated biochemically in the scraped corneal epithelium. Catalase activity was detected histochemically in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. The results show that young corneas revealed lower activities of all the antioxidant enzymes investigated than did young adult corneas, in which enzymatic activities reached their maximum. In middle-aged corneas, GPX and catalase activities remained approximately at the same levels as seen in young adult corneas, whereas superoxide dismutase activity was decreased. In aged corneas, the activities of all antioxidant enzymes were dramatically decreased or even lost (catalase activity in the corneal endothelium). In contrast, xanthine oxidoreductase activity only slightly decreased with age and the xanthine oxidase proportion of total xanthine oxidoreductase remained unchanged. GPX, superoxide dismutase and catalase are important antioxidant enzymes protecting the cornea against the oxidative damage. Because the activities of these enzymes are lower in young animals and greatly reduced in aged animals, it is suggested that young and particularly aged corneas might be more susceptible to oxidative stress than are young adult corneas. This presumption is supported by the fact that the activities of prooxidant enzymes (xanthine oxidoreductase/xanthine oxidase) are only slightly decreased in aged corneas as compared to young adult corneas so that some imbalance between antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes exists already in the normal aged corneas.
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PMID:Age-related changes in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and xanthine oxidoreductase/xanthine oxidase activities in the rabbit cornea. 1550 Oct 24

UV-induced oxidation damage seems to play a major role in a number of specific pathological conditions of intraocular tissues, such as cataract formation and retinal degeneration. Therefore, antioxidant and/or scavenger compounds might protect the eyes from UV-induced cellular damage. We previously reported that 4-coumaric acid (4-CA) is able to protect rabbit corneal-derived cells (SIRC) from UVB-induced oxidation damage. In this study we evaluated the protective effect of 4-CA against UVB-induced cell damage in rabbit cornea in vivo. Twelve male New Zealand albino rabbits were used; four rabbits were used as a control and received vehicle in one eye and 4-CA acid in the contralateral eye; eight rabbits were exposed to UVB rays (79.2mJ/cm(2)) and three days before to UV exposure each animal received 1 drop/day of vehicle in one eye and 1 drop/day of vehicle containing 4-CA (164ng) in the contralateral eye. Corneal and sclera tissues were removed and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) levels were measured. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities were determined in aqueous humour. UVB-induced vessel hyper-reactivity was strongly reduced at 4 and 24h after UVB exposure after local treatment with 4-CA, 8-oxodGuo levels, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, were significantly increased (P<0.05) in sclera and cornea by UVB irradiation, but when 4-CA was administered to the conjunctiva in a buffered solution once a day for 3d before and 6d after UVB exposure, levels of 8-oxodGuo were similar to controls and significantly reduced (P<0.05) compared to UVB-treated corneas. XO activity in the aqueous humour was significantly increased. The administration of 4-CA for 3d before and 6d after UVB irradiation induced a small but significant (P<0.05) reduction of XO compared with control eyes. Our results indicate that the administration of 4-CA protects eye tissues, thus reducing the harmful effect of UVB radiation at low concentration, probably through its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. Therefore, 4-CA may be useful in protecting the eye from free radical damage following UVB exposure from sunlight, UV lamps and welding torches.
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PMID:Protective effect of 4-coumaric acid from UVB ray damage in the rabbit eye. 1885 14

The efficacy of a chemically modified dextran - heparan sulfate mimicking regenerating agent (RGTA) on the healing of the rabbit cornea injured with alkali was examined. The eyes were injured with 0.15 N NaOH applied on the cornea or with 1.0 N NaOH using a 8 mm diameter filter paper disk. Then RGTA or placebo was applied on the cornea. In the last group of rabbits, corneas injured with the high alkali concentration were left without any treatment for four weeks; subsequently, the corneas were treated with RGTA or placebo. The central corneal thickness was measured using a pachymeter. The corneas were examined morphologically, immunohistochemically and for real time-PCR. Compared to control (unaffected) corneas, following the application of low alkali concentration the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, metalloproteinase 9, nitric oxide synthase and xanthine oxidase was increased in the injured corneal epithelium of placebo-treated eyes, whereas the expression of antioxidant enzymes was reduced. Nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde stainings appeared in the corneal epithelium. RGTA application suppressed the antioxidant/prooxidant imbalance and reduced the expression of the above-mentioned immunohistochemical markers. The corneal thickness increased after alkali injury, decreased during corneal healing after RGTA treatment faster than after placebo application. Following the injury with the high alkali concentration, corneal inflammation and neovascularization were highly pronounced in placebo-treated corneas, whereas in RGTA-treated corneas they were significantly supressed. When RGTA or placebo application was started later after alkali injury and corneas were ulcerated, subsequent RGTA treatment healed the majority of them. In conclusion, RGTA facilitates the healing of injured corneas via a reduction of proteolytic, oxidative and nitrosative damage.
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PMID:The healing of alkali-injured cornea is stimulated by a novel matrix regenerating agent (RGTA, CACICOL20): a biopolymer mimicking heparan sulfates reducing proteolytic, oxidative and nitrosative damage. 2410 32

Nitric oxide (NO) signaling has been studied in the eye, including in the pathophysiology of some eye diseases. While NO production by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes in the eye has been characterized, the more recently described pathways of NO generation by nitrate (NO₃^-) and nitrite (NO₂^-) ions reduction has received much less attention. To elucidate the potential roles of these pathways, we analyzed nitrate and nitrite levels in components of the eye and lacrimal glands, primarily in porcine samples. Nitrate and nitrite levels were higher in cornea than in other eye parts, while lens contained the least amounts. Lacrimal glands exhibited much higher levels of both ions compared to other organs, such as liver and skeletal muscle, and even to salivary glands which are known to concentrate these ions. Western blotting showed expression of sialin, a known nitrate transporter, in the lacrimal glands and other eye components, and also xanthine oxidoreductase, a nitrate and nitrite reductase, in cornea and sclera. Cornea and sclera homogenates possessed a measurable amount of nitrate reduction activity. These results suggest that nitrate ions are concentrated in the lacrimal glands by sialin and can be secreted into eye components via tears and then reduced to nitrite and NO, thereby being an important source of NO in the eye.
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PMID:Potential roles of nitrate and nitrite in nitric oxide metabolism in the eye. 3275 80


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