Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.16.3.1 (ceruloplasmin)
 5,074 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The serum enzymes of pigs naturally infected with the metacestodes of Taenia solium and of uninfected pigs were assayed. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and ceruloplasmin activities were significantly increased in the serum of the infected pigs.
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PMID:Changes in serum enzyme activities in pigs naturally infected with the metacestodes of Taenia solium. 400 13

To assess the effects of combined oral contraceptive (OC) use on protein and amino acid metabolism, measurements were obtained from four groups of women: Group 1 (29 women who took OCs for 21 days followed by 7 days of multivitamin administration); Group 2 (29 women who took OCs and multivitamins concurrently for 21 days); Group 3 (34 women who took OCs and a placebo for 21 days); and Group 4 (19 IUD users). The OC used in this study contained 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg of levonorgestrel; 13 cycles were evaluated in the one-year study period. The fasting concentrations of ceruloplasmin and retinol binding protein increased by an average of 155% and 178%, respectively, above baseline in OC users but not in IUD controls. Fasting plasma concentrations of sex hormone binding globulin showed no changes over baseline in any of the four groups. Free amino acid concentrations were depressed in OC users by 13-33%, with the largest decreases occurring for tyrosine, glycine, ornithine, and proline. Finally, mean concentrations of alpha-1 and beta-globulins increased in OC users, while albumin and total protein decreased significantly. Overall, there was a trend toward increased hepatic protein synthesis with a resultant reduction in concentrations of plasma amino acids and albumin. Multivitamin supplementation did not alter any of these patterns.
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PMID:The effect of oral contraceptives on protein metabolism. 774 71

Almost all iron uptake by fungi involves reduction from Fe(III) to Fe(II) in order to facilitate ligand exchange. This leads to two mechanisms: uptake before reduction, or reduction before uptake. Many fungi secrete specific hydroxamate siderophores when short of iron. The mechanism with uptake before reduction is described in the context of siderophore synthesis and usage, since it applies to many (but not all) siderophores. The hydroxamate functional group is synthesized from ornithine by N5 hydroxylation and acylation. In most fungal siderophores, two or three modified ornithines are joined together by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. The transcription of these genes is regulated by an iron activated repressor. There is evidence that the iron-free siderophore may be stored in intracellular vesicles until secretion is required. After loading with iron, re-entry is likely to be via a proton symport. In some fungi, siderophores are used for iron storage. The iron is liberated by an NADPH-linked reductase. The second mechanism starts with Fe(III) reduction. In yeast, this is catalysed by an NADPH-linked transmembrane reductase, which has homology with the NADPH oxidase of neutrophils. There are two closely similar reductases with overlapping roles in Fe(III) and Cu(II) reduction, while the substrates for reduction include Fe(III)-siderophores. External reductants, which may be important in certain fungi, include 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, melanin, cellobiose dehydrogenase and 2,5-dimethylhydroquinone. In yeast, a high-affinity iron uptake pathway involves reoxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III), probably to confer specificity for iron. This is catalysed by a copper protein which has homology with ceruloplasmin, and is closely coupled to Fe(III) transport. The transcription of these genes is regulated by an iron-inhibited activator. Because of its copper requirement, the high-affinity pathway is blocked by disruption of genes for copper metabolism. A low-affinity uptake transports Fe(II) directly and is important in anoxic growth. In many fungi, mechanisms with internal or external reduction are both important. The external reduction is applicable to almost any Fe(III) complex, while internal reduction is more efficient at low iron but requires a siderophore permease through which toxins might enter. Both mechanisms require close coupling of Fe(III) reduction and Fe(II) utilization in order to minimize production of active oxygen.
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PMID:Iron uptake by fungi: contrasted mechanisms with internal or external reduction. 1090 54