Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence and co-localization of several presumed vasoactive neuropeptides, serotonin, and catecholamine-synthesising enzymes--tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)--were investigated in perivascular nerves supplying the systemic and distributing arteries of the abdomino-pelvic arterial tree of the female pig and certain arteries supplying female reproductive organs in the cow. As revealed by single immunofluorescence, perivascular axons immunoreactive for TH, D beta H, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and Leu-enkephalin (LENK) occurred in both species examined, whereas galanin-immunoreactive (GAL-IR) nerve fibres were found exclusively in the pig. PNMT-, serotonin-, dynorphin A-, alpha-neoendorphin-, bombesin- or cholecystokinin-IR nerve terminals were not observed. The following classes of perivascular nerve fibres might be distinguished in the present study: 1) noradrenergic (i.e. TH/D beta H-IR), 2) NPY-, 3) GAL- (pig only), 4) LENK-, 5) VIP-, 6) SP-, 7) VIP/NPY-, 8) SP/CGRP-, 9) SP/GAL- (pig only), 10) SP/VIP- (cow only), 11) TH/D beta H/NPY- and 12) TH/D beta H/NPY/LENK-IR. Distinct differences in the distribution of LENK- and SP-IR axons around particular parts of the studied arterial tree in individual species were also observed. The present data indicate that the abdomino-pelvic arterial tree of the pig and cow receive perivascular nerve fibres that exhibit diverse chemical codes, and that different chemical coding of perivascular nerve fibres in individual species may depend on the target organ of the particular artery.
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PMID:Existence and co-existence of vasoactive substances in nerve fibres supplying the abdomino-pelvic arterial tree of the female pig and cow. 852 81

The two aortas of the crocodile are in open connection at two sites, the foramen of Panizzae immediately outside the ventricles, and the arterial anastomosis at the level of the gut. The present study was performed to elucidate the innervation of the cardiovascular structures of the crocodile, in part to provide a further basis for the assumption that the apertures of the foramen and the anastomosis may be altered, possibly leading to changes in the flow profiles of the central vessels. The presence of smooth muscle arranged at the circumference of the foramen and in the walls of the anastomosis was demonstrated. The cardiovascular structures were innervated by nerves containing co-existing tyrosine hydroxylase, NPY and somatostatin immunoreactivities, which also occurred in neurons of the sympathetic ganglia. CGRP and substance P immunoreactive material co-existed in cardiovascular nerves, and in the nodose ganglion. In addition, bombesin, VIP and galanin immunoreactive nerves were found. Effects of neuropeptides on blood flows and blood pressures were studied in vivo. Substance P increased all blood flows measured, NPY increased the flow through the arterial anastomosis while neurotensin caused an initial decrease in the flow through the arterial anastomosis. In conclusion, there is a rich innervation of the heart and major vessels of the estuarine crocodile, including the foramen of Panizza and the arterial anastomosis. These nerves possibly regulate the distribution of blood in the cardiovascular system, which is further suggested by the results of the injection of neuropeptides.
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PMID:Neuropeptide immunoreactivity and co-existence in cardiovascular nerves and autonomic ganglia of the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, and cardiovascular effects of neuropeptides. 857 Aug 57

The present study examined expression and plasticity of the neuropeptide, galanin, in carotid body afferent neurons in the petrosal ganglion of the adult rat. The pattern of galanin expression was compared with that of tyrosine hydroxylase, a selective marker of dopaminergic carotid body afferents in the petrosal ganglion. In normal animals, only 3% of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing petrosal ganglion neurons co-expressed galanin. Retrograde labeling studies, in which FluoroGold was injected into the vascularly isolated carotid body, demonstrated that all tyrosine hydroxylase-positive-galanin-positive cells in the petrosal ganglion project to this target. In addition, however, we unexpectedly found that galanin expression was markedly increased in the petrosal ganglion following FluoroGold injection into the carotid body. On the other hand, tyrosine hydroxylase expression was unchanged, indicating that monoaminergic and peptidergic traits can be differentially regulated in these cells. In summary, these data demonstrate that monoaminergic chemoafferent neurons can co-express a peptidergic trait, similar to catecholaminergic neurons within the central and autonomic nervous systems, and that these cells retain the potential for phenotypic plasticity in adulthood.
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PMID:Galanin expression in carotid body afferent neurons. 857 85

The vagina, uterus and oviduct were shown to receive galanin immunoreactive (GAL-IR) nerve fibres, the number of which varied between particular organs. In the ovary, GAL-IR nerves were absent. A small number of these nerves were located in the layers of the oviduct. A moderate number of GAL-IR nerves were situated in the body and uterine horns, whereas the uterine cervix and vagina wall contained a large number of GAL-IR nerve fibres, evenly distributed throughout particular membranes of the organs. GAL-IR nerves were found to contain, simultaneously, either vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) or Leu5-enkephalin (ENK). Many of the GAL-IR nerves contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). A group of GAL-IR nerves that did not possess immunoreactivity to VIP, SP, ENK or TH was also observed.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of galanin in bovine reproductive organs. 859 78

The presence and pattern of coexistence of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes and some neuropeptides in nerve fibres supplying thoraco-cranial arteries of the sexually immature gilts were investigated in whole mount preparations. The studied substances included: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) (as markers of catecholaminergic nerve fibres), neuropeptide Y (NPY), Leu5-enkephalin (LENK), vasoactive intestinal polipeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), somatostatin (SOM) and serotonin (5-HT). The arteries were found to be richly supplied by TH/D beta H-immunoreactive (TH/D beta H) nerve fibers. Of the neuropeptides studied, NPY (rich innervation), LENK (moderate innervation), VIP (moderate innervation) and CGRP, SP, GAL (only a few nerve fibres) were detected in periarterial nerves. The following patterns of coexistence of the studied substances were found: TH+/D beta H+, TH+/D beta H+/NPY+, TH+/D beta H+/LENK+, TH-/D beta H-/NPY+, TH-/D beta H-/VIP+, TH+/D beta H+/VIP+ (only a few nerve fibres in the cerebral arteries), LENK+/NPY+, LENK-/NPY+, LENK+/NPY-. No SOM and 5-HT-positive structures were observed in the porcine blood vessels.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the existence and coexistence of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and some neuropeptides in perivascular nerve fibres of the main thoraco-cranial arteries in the pig. 861 80

The expression of neuropeptides, and the enzymes nitric oxide synthase and tyrosine hydroxylase were examined in intramural ganglia of human urinary bladder using single label immunocytochemistry. Scattered ganglia composed of between 1-36 neurons (median 4) were observed in all layers of the lateral wall of the bladder. These contained immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, nitric oxide synthase, neuropeptide Y, and galanin. Neurons within the bladder were heterogeneous with regard to their content of these antigens, with the proportion of immunopositive cells ranging from 58-84%. Occasional neurons with immunoreactivity to the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, were also observed. No cell somata, however, were immunoreactive for enkephalin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide or somatostatin. Varicose terminals entering the ganglia were seen to form pericellular baskets surrounding some of the principal ganglion cells. The most prominent pericellular varicosities were those containing calcitonin gene-related peptide- or vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactivity, followed by those with immunoreactivity for enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, or galanin. Less common were pericellular varicosities with substance P-immunoreactivity, which may represent collateral processes of unmyelinated primary sensory fibres, and presumptive noradrenergic processes containing tyrosine hydroxylase. Some calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive varicosities constituted a distinct type, terminating as large pericellular boutons 2-4 microns in diameter. Fibres containing nitric oxide synthase- or somatostatin-immunoreactivity were not associated with the intramural neurons. The results demonstrate that intrinsic neurons within the human urinary bladder express a number of neuroactive chemicals, and could in principle form circuits with the potential to support integrative activity.
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PMID:Neuropeptides and neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes in intrinsic neurons of the human urinary bladder. 869 93

Rat periovarian adipose tissue contains unilocular adipocytes and some multilocular adipocytes that, following acclimation to cold, become more numerous and give rise to periovarian brown fat areas. We studied the occurrence and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, methionine enkephalin, neurotensin, galanin, and cholecystokinin 9-20 in the nerves of rat periovarian tissue maintained at 20 degrees C (control rats), acclimated at 4 degrees C (cold acclimated rats) and at 28 degrees C (warm-acclimated rats). In the periovarian tissue of control and warm-acclimated rats, tyrosine hydroxylase-like, neuropeptide Y-like, substance P-like and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive elements (putative nerves) were present in the blood vessels. In the periovarian tissue of cold-acclimated rats, we found: (1) a more widespread vascular distribution of these neuropeptides; (2) tyrosine hydroxylase-like and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive elements among paucilocular and multilocular adipocytes (parenchymal-like nerves); (3) vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive elements in some arteries. Investigation by EM showed the presence of heterogeneous non-myelinated axons both associated with capillaries and among paucilocular and multilocular adipocytes (parenchymal fibres) in periovarian brown fat areas. In conclusion, periovarian brown fat contains the same neuropeptides, with the same vascular and parenchymal distribution, already seen in typical depots of brown fat.
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PMID:Tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide in nerves of rat periovarian adipose tissue: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation. 869 94

Adenosine deaminase in the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus and median eminence of rat and mouse brains was investigated with two different antibodies generated against the enzyme derived from either calf or mouse. Both antibodies labelled neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus and, as determined in rat, they immunolabelled the same neurons. In the median eminence, immunopositive fibres and terminals were detected with anti-mouse adenosine deaminase in both rat and mouse, while no such staining was seen in either species with antibody against the calf enzyme. These fibres were most concentrated in the external median eminence, had a more restricted distribution than those containing either galanin or tyrosine hydroxylase and only partially overlapped with oxytocin-positive fibres. By electron microscopy, adenosine deaminase was found in terminals containing both small, clear vesicles with diameters of 35 to 45 nm and large dense-core vesicles with diameters of 100 to 140 nm. Preadsorption of antibodies with purified enzyme derived from the species against which they were directed eliminated all staining in rat, while antibody adsorptions across species were less effective. Preadsorption of anti-mouse adenosine deaminase antibody with the mouse deaminase led to increased labelling in mouse median eminence, suggesting an interaction between tissue components and antibody-linked enzyme. Tests for the presence of adenosine deaminase-complexing protein (CD26) with an antibody against this protein gave positive labelling in the median eminence of both species and this labelling was co-distributed with that seen for adenosine deaminase. These results confirm the expression of adenosine deaminase in restricted populations of neurons in rodent brain as revealed with a novel antibody, suggest the presence of a distinct form or localization of the enzyme in the median eminence, and raise the possibility that it contributes, perhaps along with CD26, to purinergic regulation of hormone secretion in this structure.
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PMID:Adenosine deaminase in rodent median eminence: detection by antibody to the mouse enzyme and co-localization with adenosine deaminase-complexing protein (CD26). 878 62

The rat uterus is innervated by sensory and autonomic nerves. Sensory and sympathetic fibers travel in the hypogastric nerves and are associated with the thoracolumbar spinal cord levels T13-L3. The inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) contains the somata of sympathetic postganglionic neurons and some of these may project axons to the uterus. Sensory and parasympathetic fibers travel in the pelvic nerve and are associated with the lumbosacral cord levels L6-S1 and pelvic ganglion (PG). We previously reported data concerning the neurochemical anatomy of the PG with regard to the uterine innervation; the present study was undertaken to characterize the neurochemical anatomy of the IMG with regard to it involvement in uterine innervation. A retrograde axonal tracer was used to verify projections of axons of IMG neurons to the uterus. Immunostaining of cryostat sections of the IMG revealed neurons immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Immunostaining for the synaptic terminal protein synapsin I (SYN) revealed numerous fine terminals immediately surrounding the principal neurons and in the interneuronal spaces. Varicosities immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) appear to be associated with principal neurons. Additional varicosities stained for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), thus indicating sites of neuronal nitric oxide synthesis. This study revealed that the IMG contains uterine-related neurons and that some of the retrogradely labeled uterine-related neurons contain NPY, TH or both NPY/TH. In addition, uterine-related neurons received abundant afferent inputs indicated by SYN-immunoreactive (-ir) terminals and some of these varicosities labeled for GAL, CGRP, VIP, ENK, or NADPH-d/NOS.
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PMID:Identification of uterine-related sympathetic neurons in the rat inferior mesenteric ganglion: neurotransmitter content and afferent input. 881 65

The cat pancreas has a complex neural supply comprising adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic innervations. To elucidate the localization of neuropeptides and enzymes in neural elements of the cat pancreatic islets, single or double immunohistochemical staining was performed using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and/or peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. In intrapancreatic ganglia, numerous galanin (Gal)- or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive (IR) ganglion cells were seen. Many nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- or cholecystokinin (CCK). IR and a few bombesin (Bom)- or substance-P (SR)-IR ganglion cells were also observed. Intrapancreatic ganglion cells were surrounded by numerous VIP- or SP-IR, many Bom- or neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR, several calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- or peptide histidine isoleucine IR and a few NOS- or CCK-IR nerve terminals. In pancreatic islets, many VIP-IR nerve terminals were located predominantly around insulin (Ins)-IR cell masses and many tyrosine hydroxylase-IR nerve terminals were demonstrated in the core of Ins-IR cell masses as well as around them. Gal-, NPY-, SP- or CGRP-IR nerve terminals were found much more frequently within Ins-immunonegative cell areas than in Ins-IR cell masses. These observations may provide a morphological basis for the possible transmitting or modulating role of neuropeptides in pancreatic islets of the cat.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies of neural elements in pancreatic islets of the cat. 884


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