Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Double-labelling immunofluorescence was applied on single sections of the rat superior cervical ganglion to evaluate neurochemistry and connectivity of intraganglionic SIF cells. The synaptic vesicle membrane protein synaptophysin and secretoneurin, a newly discovered neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II, proved reliable molecular markers of this cell type, whereas serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities were observed in slightly incongruent SIF cell subpopulations. Immunolabelling for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y occurred in few SIF cells. None of the above immunoreactivities were visibly altered by preganglionic or postganglionic denervation, while some SIF cells were immunolabelled for galanin or for the neuronal microtubule-associated protein MAP2 after postganglionic denervation. SIF cells were nonreactive for the pan-neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 or neurofilament 160 kD. Intense staining of NADPH-diaphorase in some SIF cells, suggesting catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthase, could not be substantiated by immunoreactivity for this enzyme. SIF cells were approached by nonidentical fiber populations immunoreactive for PGP 9.5, neurofilament, or neuropeptide Y, whereas immunoreactivities for galanin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were colocalized in fiber meshes around SIF cells. The findings indicate (1) neurochemical SIF cell heterogeneity, (2) SIF cell plasticity in response to ganglionic perturbation, and (3) a differentiated innervation of SIF cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion.
 ...
PMID:Immunohistochemistry of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and of SIF cell-associated nerve fibers in the rat superior cervical ganglion. 781 35

In neurons, which are post-mitotic cells, a structural and biochemical plasticity occurs, namely for the mediators. The magnocellular hypothalamic neurons innervating the neural lobe are a favourable model for the study of the dynamic aspects of neuropeptides expression. In fact, they synthetize these peptides in large amounts, as a function of the physiological or experimental conditions. In addition to the major neuropeptides, oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) which are contained in control rats within different neuronal populations, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization used alone or in combination in the same preparations have revealed other neuropeptides and corresponding mRNAs respectively. These multiple labellings demonstrate that after osmotic stimulation or during lactation some neurons are able to synthetize OT and VP simultaneously, together with galanin and even tyrosine hydroxylase (but not catecholamines). Similarly, hypophysectomy or transection of the pituitary stalk differentially modify the contents in mRNA coding for VP, OT and galanin. These results have also been described in other neuronal types such as spinal ganglia sensory neurons, suggesting possible mechanisms at different levels of genetic expression: transcription, translation, post-translational events and possibly interneuronal exchanges of mRNA. The in vivo regulation of this neurochemical plasticity probably involves the innervation of these neurons and perhaps the colocalized peptides themselves. In fact, galanin selectively inhibits the expression of VP but not that of OT. Functional implications of the neuronal phenotypic plasticity in the adaptation of the nervous system to the changing physiological conditions are discussed, together with its possible implications in pathology and therapeutics.
 ...
PMID:[A model of phenotypic plasticity: the hypothalamo-posthypophyseal neurons]. 783 3

The occurrence and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, bombesin gastrin releasing peptide and galanin were immunohistochemically studied in the perikarya and nerve fibres of the porcine coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion of untreated juvenile pigs. Subpopulations of neurons containing immunoreactivities to tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin were disclosed in the studied ganglion, whereas principal ganglionic cells were non-immunoreactive for other investigated peptides. Double-immunofluorescence and analysis of consecutive sections revealed a partial colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y, Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 and somatostatin, whereas immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and/or to neuropeptide Y was found in non-noradrenergic neurons in this ganglion. All of neuropeptides studied were found in nerve fibres in this ganglion. The results of this study were compared with those of previous studies performed on other species.
 ...
PMID:Neuropeptides in the porcine coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion. 790 96

Treatment of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells with retinoic acid induces their differentiation into a population of cells consisting of neurons and other cell types normally derived from neuroectoderm. We used immunohistological and histochemical techniques to identify some of the neurotransmitters in the P19-derived neurons. The majority of neurons contained GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and GABA-transaminase. Neuropeptide Y and somatostatin were less frequently found and both were partially co-expressed with GABA and with one another. Smaller numbers of cells were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, DOPA decarboxylase, serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin and substance P. The variety and proportions of cells with different transmitter types were reproducible from one experiment to the next and varied very little over 40 days in culture except for cells containing enkephalin, which were abundant only in mature cultures of 32 days or more. Synapses formed between neurons and some contained both small clear and large dense-core vesicles within the presynaptic bouton. Because GABA, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin are abundant in P19-derived neurons as well as in embryonic neurons in rostral regions of the mammalian CNS, we suggest that the developmental events occurring in P19 cell cultures closely resemble those of the embryonic neuroectoderm.
 ...
PMID:Neurons derived from P19 embryonal carcinoma cells have varied morphologies and neurotransmitters. 791 Jun 70

The indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to determine the distribution of peptide-containing axons in the gall bladder of the cane toad, Bufo marinus. In addition, the adrenergic innervation of the gall bladder was examined by use of immunoreactivity to the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence. On the basis of peptide coexistence, two intrinsic populations of neurones and their projecting fibres could be distinguished substance P neurones and vasoactive intestine peptide neurones. Neither of these two types of neurones contained any other colocalized neuropeptides. Four populations of nerve fibres arising from cell bodies outside the gall bladder were identified: nerves containing colocalized galanin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide; nerves containing colocalized calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P; adrenergic nerves containing neuropeptide Y; and nerves containing only adrenaline.
 ...
PMID:The distribution and colocalization of neuropeptides and catecholamines in nerves supplying the gall bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus. 791 71

The neurohormonal structures of two human intestines removed due to rejection 22 months and eight months after intestinal transplantation were studied by an indirect immunohistochemical method and compared with normal ileum. The distribution and density of neurons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide, L-enkephalin, and somatostatin were examined. Mucosal endocrine cells immunoreactive for somatostatin, peptide YY, and glucagon were also examined. Extrinsic adrenergic fibers and perivascular fibers were absent in all intestinal layers of the failed grafts. The distribution of intrinsic neurons was unchanged; however, the density was decreased by one rank. Distribution of endocrine cells of the first graft was similar to the normal. Extrinsic fibers were not detected by immunohistochemistry in human small intestinal grafts following long-term survival and eventual rejection, while the immunohistochemical expression of intrinsic neural and endocrine transmitters were well preserved.
 ...
PMID:Immunohistochemical study of enteric nervous system after small bowel transplantation in humans. 795 15

The distribution in the sheep omasum of peptide- and catecholamine-containing neurons was investigated by an immunohistochemical technique using antibodies against six neuropeptides and two catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. In the myenteric plexus, both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers were positively immunostained for substance P (SP), methionine enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL). In contrast, immunoreactivity specific for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was detected only in nerve fibers. In the omasal wall, nerve fibers with SP- and ENK-like immunoreactivity were prominent in the outer muscle layer, while numerous nerve fibers with VIP-, NPY- and GAL-like immunoreactivity were observed in the inner muscle layer. In the lamina propria mucosae, and in particular in the omasal papillae, a dense network of peptide-containing nerves was found. The distribution of nerves with CGRP-like immunoreactivity was different from that of other immunoreactive nerves. The networks of nerves with TH-, DBH- and NPY-like immunoreactivity were concentrated around the vascular components. The results of this study indicate the complexity of the enteric nervous system in the sheep omasum, reflecting the multiple functions of the nerves in the regulation of motility and/or absorption and secretion.
 ...
PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the distributions of the peptide- and catecholamine-containing nerves in the omasum of the sheep. 803 70

The presence and coexistence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) were studied in the petrosal and jugular neurons innervating the carotid body and carotid sinus of the rat. The retrograde labeling of the carotid sinus nerve with Fluoro-gold (FG) demonstrated that most (94.5%) FG-labeled ganglionic neurons were observed in the petrosal ganglion. Fewer (5.2%) FG-labeled neurons were seen in the jugular ganglion and very few (0.3%) were observed in the nodose ganglion. Immunohistochemistry revealed that subpopulations of TH-, VIP-, CGRP-, SP- and GAL-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the petrosal ganglion projected to the carotid sinus nerve. Approximately 4% of FG-labeled neurons contained TH-ir and were predominantly found in the caudal portion of the petrosal ganglion. Nearly 90% of total TH-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were labeled with FG. Less than 1% of FG-labeled neurons were immunoreactive for VIP in this ganglion. In the petrosal ganglion, 25% of FG-labeled neurons contained CGRP-ir, and 16.7% of FG-labeled neurons contained SP-ir. 30% of CGRP-ir or SP-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were labeled with FG. In the jugular ganglion, no TH- or VIP-ir neurons projected to the carotid sinus nerve and only small populations of CGRP- or SP-ir neurons projected to the carotid sinus nerve. Many FG-labeled and GAL-ir neurons were observed in the petrosal and jugular ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Presence and coexistence of putative neurotransmitters in carotid sinus baro- and chemoreceptor afferent neurons. 810 Jan 77

In the rat, systemic administration of murine monoclonal antibodies against acetylcholinesterase caused rapid piloerection and ptosis (within 30-60 min after the injection). Using indirect immunohistochemistry the effect of these antibodies on peptides and enzyme expression was studied in the rat adrenal gland. Four days after antibody administration a total disappearance of acetylcholinesterase-immunoreactive fibers was observed. However, groups of acetylcholinesterase-immunoreactive chromaffin cells and intramedullary ganglion cells, both cell types showing acetylcholinesterase immunoreactivity also in the control adrenal medulla, expressed increased immunoreactivity. Analysis revealed that the acetylcholinesterase-immunoreactive chromaffin cell groups lacked phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase staining both in controls and treated rats. Antibody administration also affected levels of several peptides present in nerve fibers and chromaffin cells. Thus, the number of cells expressing enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and galanin was dramatically increased compared to the very few cells observed containing these three peptides in the normal gland. The majority of cells expressing enkephalin after antibody treatment also showed phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity. In contrast, the few chromaffin cells expressing strong enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in controls were phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase negative. The sparse networks of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and galanin-positive fibers found in control adrenals were unchanged after the antibody treatment. However, the dense network of enkephalin varicose fibers totally disappeared after the antibody injection. A few substance P- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells, not present in the normal gland, appeared after administration of the antibodies, whereas no changes were encountered with regard to immunoreactive nerve fibers. No clear differences between normal and treated animals could be observed in chromaffin cells with regard to immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y or any of the four catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic 1-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase or phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. The present findings demonstrating a disappearance of acetylcholinesterase- and enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the adrenal gland after intravenous injection of acetylcholinesterase antibodies support earlier reports showing that these antibodies cause degeneration of preganglionic fibers, and that neuronal decentralization of the adrenal gland induces marked increases in the levels of several peptides in chromaffin cells.
 ...
PMID:Effects of antibodies against acetylcholinesterase on the expression of peptides and catecholamine synthesizing enzymes in the rat adrenal gland. 810 82

The occurrence, distribution and coexistence pattern of an array of neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in the human larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs were studied by immunocytochemistry. A rich supply of nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was seen close to blood vessels, glands and nonvascular smooth muscle. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)-containing fibers were numerous among bundles of smooth muscle. Moderate numbers of helospectin-containing nerve fibers were seen in the nonvascular smooth muscle. The majority of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing fibers were located in the nonvascular smooth muscle; some fibers also occurred around blood vessels and glands. Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing fibers were generally few and distributed beneath the epithelium, among bundles of smooth muscle, around blood vessels and glands. A conspicuous finding was the lack of SP- and CGRP-containing fibers within the respiratory epithelium. Galanin-containing nerve fibers were moderate in number among bundles of smooth muscle. Tyrosine hydroxylase-containing fibers were numerous around blood vessels and glands. The majority of the VIP-containing nerve fibers present in nonvascular smooth muscle also stored PACAP and helospectin. A subpopulation of VIP-containing fibers in both vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle and around glands stored NPY. Additionally, galanin was found to occur in many VIP-containing fibers located among bundles of smooth muscle.
 ...
PMID:Peptide-containing nerve fibers in human airways: distribution and coexistence pattern. 849 74


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>