Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuropeptidergic innervation of the human testis and epididymis was investigated by immunohistochemical methods. The innervation of the epididymis was more dense than that of testis. In the testis only tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuropeptide Y-positive nerves could be found between seminiferous tubules and around blood vessels. In the connective tissue capsule of the testis also small calcitonin gene-related peptide- and metenkephalin-containing nerve fibres were seen. The epididymis was densely innervated by nerve fibres immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, peptide histidine isoleusine and substance P.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the human testis and epididymis. 753 77

Morphine dependence was experimentally induced in rats by daily injection of increasing doses of morphine for seven days. Withdrawal was precipitated in half of the morphine-dependent rats by a single injection of naloxone on day 8. Behavioral signs of withdrawal were evident in the morphine/naloxone group. Gene expression in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons was investigated using quantitative in situ hybridization analysis. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, and for precursors to galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptides that coexist with norepinephrine in LC neurons, were not altered by chronic morphine treatment or naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In contrast, mRNA levels for c-fos were dramatically elevated in the LC following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Chronic morphine treatment caused a small decrease in levels of mRNA encoding the precursor to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in Barrington's nucleus. Although long-term adaptations of LC neurons have previously been implicated in the development of morphine tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal, alterations in the levels of TH, GAL, or NPY mRNA in the LC apparently do not underlie this process.
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PMID:Lack of effect of chronic morphine treatment and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal on tyrosine hydroxylase, galanin, and neuropeptide Y mRNA levels in the rat locus coeruleus. 754 Mar 19

In the chicken, the cranial and caudal parathyroid glands (parathyroid gland III and IV), which are connected to each other, are located adjacent to the carotid body. In the present study, we found that a mass of glomus cells surrounded by a thick layer of connective tissue was frequently distributed within the parathyroid gland III. The glomus cells in the parathyroid III, as well as those of the carotid body, expressed intense immunoreactivity for serotonin, chromogranin A, and tyrosine hydroxylase but no immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y. The cells possessed long cytoplasmic processes containing dense-cored vesicles of 70-220 nm in diameter, and were in close association with sustentacular cells. In and around the glomus cell clusters of the parathyroid III, dense networks of varicose fibers showed immunostaining with the monoclonal antibody TuJ1 to a neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin isotype, c beta 4. Furthermore, the distribution was also detected of numerous galanin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, substance P-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive fibers.
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PMID:Accessory carotid body within the parathyroid gland III of the chicken. 755 33

The possible role that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus might play in mediating the increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels following adrenalectomy was investigated in two series of experiments. In the first series in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to quantify levels of eight accurate nucleus neuropeptide and neurotransmitter mRNAs in neurons that potentially relay adrenal steroid feedback to the paraventricular nucleus. In the second series of experiments, arcuate neuropeptidergic projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were characterized using retrograde tracing in combination with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Despite an increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone (60%) and pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels (sixfold), arcuate mRNA levels for proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, galanin, dynorphin, tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamate decarboxylase, and the glucocorticoid receptor were unchanged 14 days following adrenalectomy. Neuropeptidergic characterization of arcuatoparaventricular projections was achieved by injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into the paraventricular nucleus; retrogradely labeled neurons were characterized with polyclonal antisera against fluorogold in combination with oligonucleotide probes directed against neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, or somatostatin. Out of these three arcuate neuropeptide Y mRNA was contained in 18% of the fluorogold-positive neurons in the arcuate, proopiomelanocortin mRNA was contained in 8%, and somatostatin mRNA was contained in 6%. Overall, the results from both experiments suggest that the arcuatoparaventricular neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and somatostatin projections are not sensitive to a chronic (14 day) lack of adrenal steroids. These projections as well as the other arcuate neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems appear not to contribute to the persistent elevations in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels or pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels found in 14 day adrenalectomized rats.
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PMID:Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat. 759 46

Biogenic peptides and amines associated with the chromaffin tissue in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) were identified utilizing immunohistochemical techniques. Within the posterior cardinal vein (PCV) in cod, trout and eel, a subpopulation of chromaffin cells displayed immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) but not to phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). TH-like immunoreactivity was observed within cells in hagfish hearts. Nerve fibres displaying vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity and pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity innervated cod, trout and eel chromaffin cells. In eel, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like and peptide YY (PYY)-like immunoreactivity was located within cells in the PCV, including chromaffin cells. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity was observed within eel and cod chromaffin cells and in hagfish hearts. In the dogfish axillary bodies, nerves displaying TH-like, VIP-like, PACAP-like, substance P-like and galanin-like immunoreactivity were observed. These results are compared with those of other vertebrates, and potential roles for these substances in the control of catecholamine release are suggested.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of bioactive peptides and amines associated with the chromaffin tissue of five species of fish. 760 65

Although oligonucleotide probes are useful for in situ hybridization, their low sensitivity compared to riboprobes and cDNA remains a problem. We have systematically examined the protocols to provide a general procedure that increases the sensitivity of oligoprobes for light and electron in situ hybridizations by using mixtures of multiple non-overlapping oligonucleotides (multi-oligoprobes). The protocol achieves these improvements with both radioactive and non-radioactive oligoprobes. With 33P-labeled probes in a semiquantitative assay, we found that mixtures of up to six vasopressin-directed multi-oligoprobes, each employed at saturating concentration, led to an additive signal with no significant increase of the background. Using this approach with non-radioactive oligoprobes, we were able to detect in the hypothalamus several low or moderately abundant mRNAs, such as vasopressin heterogeneous nuclear RNA and the galanin, dynorphin, and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNAs. Moreover, we showed that multi-oligoprobes used in a pre-embedding procedure were suitable for studying the ultrastructural compartmentalization of moderately abundant mRNAs. Finally, with the same basic approach we demonstrated that two sets of multi-oligoprobes can be combined for simultaneous detection of two different mRNAs using fluorescent dyes, making this approach suitable for high-resolution confocal analyses. Overall, our data demonstrate that multi-oligoprobes provide a sensitive tool of choice for various applications in which both well-preserved morphology and high sensitivity are needed. In particular, these probes appear ideal for study of the comparative subcellular localization of mRNAs at both the light and the electron microscopic level.
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PMID:Enhanced sensitivity for light and electron microscopic in situ hybridization with multiple simultaneous non-radioactive oligodeoxynucleotide probes. 762 44

Tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptidergic innervations of the obstructed pelveoureteral junctions of four different patients were investigated by immunohistochemical methods. A dense innervation of tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuropeptide Y-nerves was found especially in the pelveoureteral junction, which was congenitally obstructed, compared to others found later (13- and 23-year old females). Also quite numerous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-nerves were seen as well as some calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin- and substance P-nerves in the muscular layer of ureter. The innervation pattern of the obstructed pelveoureteral junction of the horseshoe kidney was found to be normal.
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PMID:Study of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptidergic innervation of the human obstructed pelveoureteral junction in four different patients. 768 25

Hypothalamic neurons control a variety of important hormonal and behavioral functions. Little is known, however, about the neurotrophic factors that these neurons may require for survival and/or maintenance of their differentiated functions. We conducted experiments to examine this issue, utilizing a combination of immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization and cell culture approaches. We found that the low affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (p75 NGFR) is present in small subsets of hypothalamic peptidergic neurons identified as such by their content of galanin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and vasointestinal peptide (VIP). More prominently, however, examination of hypothalamic dopaminergic (DA) neurons for the presence of p75 NGFR-like immunoreactivity revealed that the receptor was present on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons of the zona incerta and periventricular region, but not on neuroendocrine DA neurons of the tuberoinfundibular region. In situ hybridization experiments using a p75 NGFR cRNA confirmed this distribution. Regardless of the presence or absence of p75 NGFR, neither DA group expresses trkA mRNA, indicating that these two major hypothalamic subsets of DNA neurons are NGF-insensitive. A substantial fraction of TH mRNA-positive cells in the zona incerta expresses trkB mRNA, which encodes the receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); in turn BDNF supports the in vitro survival of hypothalamic TH neurons bearing p75-NGFR, suggesting that BDNF is trophic for DNA neurons of the zona incerta. In contrast, tuberoinfundibular DA neurons do not express trkB mRNA, but some have trkC mRNA, which encodes the receptor for neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). The in vitro survival of TH neurons devoid of p75-NGFR is supported by NT-3, implying that NT-3 may be trophic for a subset of tuberoinfundibular DA neurons. These results suggest that, in spite of expressing an identical neurotransmitter phenotype, anatomically and functionally segregated DA neurons of the neurodendocrine brain are sustained by different neurotrophic factors.
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PMID:Neurotrophins and the neuroendocrine brain: different neurotrophins sustain anatomically and functionally segregated subsets of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons. 779 Sep 7

A peroxidase anti-peroxidase method was used to investigate and compare the distribution of neuropeptide and catecholamine synthesizing enzyme immunoreactive (IR) ganglion cells and nerve fibres in the intestinal nerve of Remak (INR) of male chickens. In the INR there were three kinds of ganglion cells: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)- and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-IR cells; AADC- and PNMT-IR but TH-immunonegative cells; and ganglion cells being immunoreactive for methionine enkephalin (mENK)- and somatostatin (SOM). The first one was distributed throughout the INR. The second was restricted in the ileojejunal region, and the last was localized in the rectal region. Substance P- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-IR nerve fibres were distributed in common but variable in number around three kinds of ganglion cells. Then TH-IR cells were characterized by the distribution of many calcitonin gene related peptide- and a few cholecystokinin-IR fibres. mENK and SOM-IR cells, and TH-immunonegative cells were distinguished by the distribution of SOM- and galanin-IR fibres. In addition, TH-immunonegative cells were characterized by the distribution of mENK- and neuropeptide Y-IR nerve fibres which were very few in number. Fig. 21 summarizes the connections described in the present study.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies on the intestinal nerve of Remak in the male chicken. 780 73

Chromogranin A and B (CAB) occur in several peptide hormone-producing cells and in neurons of the brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible neuronal localization of these chromogranins in the ganglionic and aganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay, using antibodies recognizing either chromogranin A or both chromogranin A and B. Further, the coexistence of chromogranins and other neuronal constituents was studied. CAB were found in nerve fibers and occasionally in nerve cell bodies of submucous and myenteric ganglia in the ganglionic bowel, indicating that at least a population of chromogranin-immunoreactive nerve fibers is intrinsic in origin. CAB-immunoreactive fibers were numerous in the muscle layers of the aganglionic segment. These fibers contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which indicates that they are adrenergic, in both ganglionic and aganglionic bowel. In the muscle layers of aganglionic (but not ganglionic) bowel, chromogranin A coexisted with galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The concentration of CAB in smooth muscle specimens was higher in the aganglionic bowel than in the ganglionic bowel. Thus, chromogranins are present in the human enteric gut hyperinnervating the aganglionic bowel of Hirschsprung's disease.
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PMID:Chromogranin A and B in neuronal elements in Hirschsprung's disease: an immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay study. 780 11


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