Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tumor tissue located in the occipital lobe with hemorrhage was obtained from a 19-year-old patient. Histological examination indicated it to consist of undifferentiated small, round cells without neuronal or glial differentiation, and possibly to be a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor cells were cultured for 3 years and a continuous cell line (KK-2) was established. KK-2 was transplantable to nude mice. With immunocytochemistry, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, vimentin, TUJ1 (a monoclonal antibody specific for neuron-associated class III beta-tubulin isotype) and 6H7 (a monoclonal antibody to NCAM produced by us) were detected. None of the following could be found: glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, neurofilament and synaptophysin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrin releasing peptide corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, somatostatin, chromogranin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. The original tumor and KK-2 cells obtained after 3 years of culture and transplants in nude mice displayed essentially the same ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics. KK-2 cells showed no differentiation to mature neuronal, glial or ependymal cells. This cell line may possibly serve as a useful model for studying cellular differentiation of human neuroectodermal tumors and normal neuronal development.
 ...
PMID:A continuous cell line (KK-2) from a supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. 132 7

Two clonal immortalized neurons designated SN6.1b and SN6.2a were isolated by limiting dilution from a mouse embryonic septal cholinergic neuronal hybrid cell line SN6 (Hammond et al., 1986). In the serum-containing medium without extra differentiating agents, one-third of SN6.1b cells stably exhibited a morphology of differentiated neurons with extensive elaborate neurites, while a majority of SN6.2a cells, along with the parent cell line SN6, were round in shape with poorly branched short processes. Neurochemical studies showed that both clones synthesized choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and glutamate. Immunocytochemically, they expressed a number of neuronal antigens, such as 200-kDa neurofilament protein, neuron-specific enolase, microtubule-associated protein 2, tau protein, tubulin, neural cell adhesion molecule, Thy-1.2, saxitoxin-binding sodium channel protein, ChAT, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin, and glutamate. The coexistence of cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmitter markers in the clonal hybrid septal neurons that express a variety of immunocytochemical properties of differentiated neurons suggests that embryonic septal cholinergic neurons are potentially multiphenotypic with respect to neurotransmitter synthesis.
 ...
PMID:Coexistence of cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmitter markers in mouse clonal hybrid neurons derived from the septal region. 135 85

Recent studies suggest that brain neurons require extracellular signals for continued survival during maturity as well as development. However, factors underlying the survival of specific populations of central neurons remain to be defined. To examine the regulation of neuronal survival, we have studied the substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DA) system, in dissociated cell culture. DA neuron number was monitored immunocytochemically with antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the DA biosynthetic enzyme. Initially, mixed cultures were grown at low, medium, and high densities in serum-containing media. After 7 days, the number of neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-positive cells, a measure of total neuron number, was proportional to cell plating density. In contrast, high density culture elicited a marked, disproportionate increase in TH-immunopositive cells, suggesting that high density conditions selectively enhanced the DA subpopulation. To define the role of cellular interactions in the selective increase in DA cells, virtually pure neuron cultures were compared to support cell-neuron cocultures, in fully defined medium. In support cell-neuron cocultures, SN support cells evoked a four-fold increase in TH cells, while NSE number did not differ from controls. Moreover, local support cells elicited a greater increase in TH cell number than support cells derived from other brain regions. To determine whether increased TH cell number reflected enhanced survival, or possibly expression of TH by new populations, we monitored the time course of this effect. TH cell number remained constant after 3 days in cocultures, while declining fourfold in controls. In parallel studies, support cells were added to SN dissociates at zero time or after 3 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Local support cells promote survival of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in culture. 167 52

This study has compared the innervations of human and canine gall bladders, using immunohistochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase to visualize all intramural nerves and localization of tyrosine hydroxylase, DOPA decarboxylase and serotonin to visualize different populations of aminergic neurons. The vasculature, the wall smooth musculature and the intramural ganglion cells receive a substantial sympathetic innervation, in both species. By contrast, the mucosa appears to be supplied almost entirely by non-sympathetic fibres. On the basis of DOPA decarboxylase immunoreactivity, a large proportion of the biliary sympathetic nerves in both species may be dopaminergic. Human gall bladder also contains a population of putatively tryptaminergic, intramural neuron-like cells. However, there was no evidence for tryptaminergic innervation of effector structures in the gall bladder wall.
 ...
PMID:Aminergic innervation of the gall bladder in man and dog. 168 96

The sympathetic innervation of human and dog livers was examined by immunohistochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase to visualize the total complement of hepatic nerves and the localization of two enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase and dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase, to visualize sympathetic nerves. Similar results were obtained for both man and dog. About 60% of the non-myelinated axons supplying the hepatic parenchyma, and virtually all those supplying the vasculature, appeared to be sympathetic. The pattern of dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase immunoreactivity was compatible with innervation of the intrahepatic hepatic arteries and portal veins by dopaminergic as well as by noradrenergic sympathetic nerves. By contrast, there was no evidence for a dopaminergic component in the parenchymal sympathetic innervation.
 ...
PMID:Sympathetic innervation of the liver in man and dog: an immunohistochemical study. 168 40

Six cases of intestinal ganglioneuromatosis (GN) included in this study reveal the occurrence of two morphologic patterns. Transmural GN was characterized by neural hyperplasia in all layers of the bowel wall with predominant involvement of the myenteric plexus. It was found in three patients affected by multiple endocrine neoplasia IIb. Mucosal GN, having predominant involvement of the mucosa without concomitant hyperplasia of the myenteric plexus, was associated with von Recklinghausen's disease, adenocarcinoma of the colon, and multiple adenomas with megacolon in one case each. Clinicopathologic correlations and review of the literature suggest that mucosal GN might represent a distinct entity with a lower morbidity rate than the transmural variant. Immunohistochemical stains reveal considerable heterogeneity. S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and synapto-physin immunostaining followed the distribution of the nervous hyperplasia in the different intestinal layers as identified morphologically and allowed precise determination of the proliferating cells. Increased reactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, opioid peptides leu-enkephalin and met-enkephalin, and substance P was present in all cases with transmural involvement; mucosal GN showed normal reactivity for opioid peptides and focal increased staining for substance P (one case) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (two cases) in the lamina propria. Mild increased immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase was present in the myenteric plexus of four out of four cases. Histochemical determination of acetylcholinesterase, performed in one case of transmural type, demonstrated hyperplasia of parasympathetic fibers and neurons. Electron microscopic study of another case suggested the presence of several neurotransmitters. These results indicate that the physiopathology of GN is related to a complex hyperplasia of several peptidergic, cholinergic, and probably adrenergic nerve fibers instead of a selective overgrowth of one type of nerve fiber.
 ...
PMID:Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis: mucosal and transmural types. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of six cases. 170 7

Immunoreactivity for the neurofilament protein triplet was investigated in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig by using a battery of antibodies. In unfixed tissue, nearly all neurons in these ganglia demonstrated some degree of neurofilament protein triplet immunoreactivity. Large neurons generally displayed intense immunoreactivity, whereas most small to medium-sized neurons showed faint to moderate immunoreactivity. Double-labelling immunofluorescence demonstrated that most antibodies to the individual subunits of the neurofilament protein triplet had the same distribution and intensity of labelling in sensory neurons. Increasing durations of tissue fixation in aldehyde solutions selectively diminished neurofilament protein triplet immunoreactivity in small to medium-sized neurons. Double-labelling with neurofilament protein triplet antibodies in combination with antibodies to other neuronal markers, such as neuron-specific enolase, substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase, showed that tissue processing conditions affect the degree of co-localization of immunoreactivity to the neurofilament protein triplet and to these other neuronal markers. These results indicate that, with a judicious manipulation of the duration of tissue fixation, neurofilament protein triplet immunoreactivity can be used in combination with other neuronal markers to distinguish groups of neurons according to their size and chemical coding.
 ...
PMID:Neurofilament protein triplet immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig. 171 54

The cutaneous nerves of rat, cat, guinea pig, pig, and man were studied by immunocytochemistry to compare the staining potency of general neural markers and to investigate the density of nerves containing peptides. Antiserum to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) stained more nerves than antisera to neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and synaptophysin or histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Peptidergic axons showed species variation in density of distribution and were most abundant in pig and fewest in man. However, the specific peptides in nerves innervating the various structures were consistent between species. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and/or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) predominated in all the species; those immunoreactive to tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A [NKA]) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) were less abundant. Neonatal capsaicin, at the doses employed in this study, destroyed approximately 70% of CGRP- and tachykinin-immunoreactive sensory axons; whereas 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at the doses employed resulted in a complete loss of NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity without affecting VIP, CGRP, and tachykinins. Thus, this study confirms that antiserum to PGP 9.5 is the most suitable and practical marker for the demonstration of cutaneous nerves. Species differences exist in the density of peptidergic innervation, but apparently not for specific peptides. Not all sensory axons immunoreactive for CGRP and substance P/NKA are capsaicin-sensitive. However, all sympathetic TH- and NPY-immunoreactive axons are totally responsive to 6-OHDA; but no change was seen in VIP-immunoreactive axons, suggesting some demarcation of cutaneous adrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic fibers.
 ...
PMID:An immunocytochemical study of cutaneous innervation and the distribution of neuropeptides and protein gene product 9.5 in man and commonly employed laboratory animals. 171 91

The cellular localization of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in the carotid body of the rat was investigated by means of Hansson's cobalt-precipitation technique in cultures of dissociated cells. In both young (2-day-old) and old (77-day-old) cultures, the parenchymal glomus (type-I) cells were selectively stained by this technique, and in addition expressed tyrosine hydroxylase and neuron-specific enolase as revealed by immunofluorescence. Enzymic reaction product of CAH appeared to be predominantly intracellular since staining was more intense and occurred more rapidly following permeabilization of the cell membranes with Triton X-100; its formation was inhibited by the CAH-inhibitor acetazolamide (1-10 microM) or by increasing the pH from 5.8 to 7.5. Cryostat sections of the carotid bifurcation revealed intense CAH-reaction product in cell clusters of the carotid body, in a few cells of the nodose ganglion, and in red blood cells. Neuronal cell bodies of the petrosal ganglion and superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were largely non-reactive. The SCG is known to contain clusters of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, which were also non-reactive when grown in dissociated cell culture. Thus, although glomus and SIF cells are often considered to be similar cell types, functional CAH-activity appears unique to glomus cells, and this may be important for the physiological response of the carotid body to certain chemosensory stimuli.
 ...
PMID:Carbonic anhydrase and neuronal enzymes in cultured glomus cells of the carotid body of the rat. 197 81

Non-hairy and hairy human skin were investigated with the use of the indirect immunohistochemical technique employing antisera to different neuronal and non-neuronal structural proteins and neurotransmitter candidates. Fibers immunoreactive to antisera against neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase, myelin basic protein, protein S-100, substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were detected in the skin with specific distributional patterns. Neurofilament-, neuron-specific enolase-, myelin basic protein-, protein S-100, neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivities were found in or in association with sensory nerves; moreover, neuron-specific enolase-, myelin basic protein-, protein S-100, neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivities occurred in or in association with autonomic nerves. It was concluded that antiserum against neurofilaments labels sensory nerve fibers exclusively, whereas neuron-specific enolase-, myelin basic protein- and protein S-100-like immunoreactivities are found in or in association with both sensory and autonomic nerves. Substance P- and neurokinin A-like immunoreactivities were observed only in sensory nerve fibers, and neuropeptide Y- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities occurred only in autonomic nerve fibers, whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivities was seen predominantly in autonomic nerves, but also in some sensory nerve fibers.
 ...
PMID:Sensory and autonomic innervation of non-hairy and hairy human skin. An immunohistochemical study. 241 23


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>