Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous immunocytochemical studies reported that when specific monoclonal antibody directed against vasopressin (VP) (VP-MAb) was injected in vivo above the rat hypothalamic nuclei, it penetrated and was specifically transported by VP-producing neurons. In this study, using the same methodological approach, the fate of monoclonal antibody directed against corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (CRF-MAb) injected in vivo above the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat brain was investigated by immunocytochemistry in male Zucker rats and adrenalectomized or colchicine-pretreated male Long-Evans rats. The simultaneous immunocytochemical localization of the injected CRF-MAb and endogenous peptides and enzyme synthesized by the neurons penetrated by the antibody, demonstrated that CRF-MAb was mainly detected in CRF neurons. But the CRF-MAb was also detected in VP, oxytocin, neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase-producing neurons of the PVN. CRF-MAb was therefore localized in PVN neurons which synthesize CRF and in PVN neurons with physiological and morphological relationships with the CRF peptidergic system. Before obtaining biological effects of injected CRF-MAb, the results described here suggest that specific monoclonal antibodies provide a useful specific tool for elucidating the functional relationships between neuronal systems.
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PMID:Uptake of a monoclonal antibody to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) into rat hypothalamic neurons. 237 97

Three dimensional analysis of retinal neuropeptides and monoamine-containing amacrine cells were performed on flat-mount preparations of the chick retina by using indirect immunofluorescence method. somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT), leu-enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), glucagon (GLC), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined with specific antisera. To localize these substances in the amacrine cells, and to see in which layers their processes arborize, frozen sections were examined. There were four patterns of distribution. (1) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the central than in the peripheral portions (SOM, NT, VIP, SP, GLC, 5HT), (2) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the peripheral portion than in the central portion (APP), (3) Substances for which such cells were evenly distributed (TH), and (4) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the inferior than in the superior portion (CRF). Subtypes were identified among the amacrine cells containing single peptides or monoamine.
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PMID:Three dimensional analysis of retinal neuropeptides and amine in the chick. 241 65

The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) is a sexually dimorphic complex with three major subdivisions. The cell-dense central (MPNc) and medial (MPNm) subdivisions are larger in male rats, while the cell-sparse lateral subdivision (MPNl) occupies a majority of the nucleus in females. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of possible monoaminergic and peptidergic cells and fibers within the MPN, as well as in adjacent regions of the medial preoptic area of the adult male rat. For this, we used an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24; ACTH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The results suggest that cell bodies and/or fibers crossreacting with all of these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed within the MPN. Within the MPNm, the densest plexuses of fibers were stained with antisera to SP and NPY, while moderate densities of fibers were stained with anti-DBH, SS, CCK, CGRP, ACTH, and alpha-MSH, and only a few fibers were stained with anti-5HT, TH, NT, VAS, and L-ENK. Moderate numbers of SP- and L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and a few SS-, NT-, CRF-, and TRH-stained cell bodies were also found within the MPNm. The MPNc contained a dense plexus of CCK-immunoreactive fibers, as well as a few CRF-immunoreactive fibers. Both fiber types were localized almost exclusively to this subdivision, while most of the others studied here appeared to avoid it selectively. This suggests that there are relatively few inputs to the MPNc, and that they tend to avoid other parts of the nucleus, although moderate densities of DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found in both the MPNm and MPNc. The MPNc contained several CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies as well as a moderate number of TRH-stained cell bodies. Both cell types were nearly completely localized to the MPNc. The major inputs to the MPNl studied here appear to be stained with antisera to 5HT and L-ENK, although moderate numbers of NT- and CRF- immunoreactive fibers were also found in this part of the nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitter specificity of cells and fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus: an immunohistochemical study in the rat. 242 28

The sequential application of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was used to localize multiple tissue antigens on a single free floating section of rat brain. Sequential visualization of individual antigens was achieved by the silver-gold-intensified diaminobenzidine (DAB) in the first step, nickel-intensified DAB in the second step, and the DAB alone in the third step of the immunostain procedure. For the demonstration of this method, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and vasopressin (VAS) antisera were used. Sections from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats pretreated with colchicine were stained. Black TH containing cell bodies were clearly distinguished from blue stained CRF cells and from yellow stained VAS-containing cell bodies in the PVN on the 25-30 micron thick vibratome sections. The sequential immunostaining procedure presented here results in superior staining of multiple antigens as compared to that achieved by the sequential application of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique.
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PMID:Light microscopic triple-colored immunohistochemical staining on the same vibratome section using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. 245 9

The organization of neuroactive substances in the rat lateral geniculate body (LGB) was studied with available immunohistochemical stainings. In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG), there existed only gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactive neurons. Immunoreactive fiber plexuses for substance P (SP), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were present in the lateral margin of the DLG, just beneath the optic tract. There were immunoreactive neurons and fibers for GABA, SP, leucine-enkephalin (ENK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). ENK-, NPY- and SP-like immunoreactive neurons in the IGL were mainly medium-sized, and bipolar or spindle-shaped with a few dendrites oriented dorsoventrally. In the IGL, use of double-labeled immunofluorescence demonstrated that a few neurons exhibited both ENK- and SP-like immunoreactivities, and a few neurons had both GABA- and ENK-like immunoreactivities. Although the morphology of ENK-like immunoreactive neurons resembled to NPY-like immunoreactive neurons, both neurons were clearly different neurons. Many GABA-, ENK- and SP-like immunoreactive neurons and fibers were found in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (VLG). These immunoreactive neurons were mainly medium-sized, and bipolar in shape, while a few immunoreactive neurons were of multipolar shape. Neurons containing ENK and fibers containing SP mainly existed in the lateral half of the parvocellular part and in the medial half of magnocellular part of the VLG. In this region, about one-third of the GABA-like immunoreactive neurons contained ENK-like immunoreactivity. Many SP neurons mainly existed in the medial half of the parvocellular part of the VLG. CCK- and VIP-like immunoreactive fibers were present in the lateral half of the magnocellular part of the VLG. Immunoreactive fibers for calcitonin gene-related peptide, corticotropin-releasing factor, neurotensin and tyrosine hydroxylase were disseminated throughout the LGB. The subdivisions of the LGB were discussed, based upon the distribution of neuroactive substances.
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PMID:The organization of the rat lateral geniculate body by immunohistochemical analysis of neuroactive substances. 246 11

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.
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PMID:Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study. 247 18

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dopamine (DA) are important integrators of the endocrine and autonomic response to stress. CRF neurons in the anterior portions of the periventricular nucleus (PV) and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (pvPVN) occur close to A14 DA neurons in these same locations. Since CRF has been shown to act as an excitatory neurotransmitter, possible CRF interactions with the DA system were investigated using double-label immunocytochemistry. Coronal vibratome sections through the PV and pvPVN were obtained from colchicine-treated and nontreated juvenile female cynomolgus macaques. They were sequentially immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (to identify DA neurons) with PAP and DAB, and for CRF using 15 nm colloidal gold. By light microscopy, areas of coincidence of TH- and CRF-immunoreactive cell bodies in the PV and pvPVN were obvious, but double-stained elements were not observed. By electron microscopy, asymmetrical synapses frequently occurred between CRF axons and TH dendrites or somata. Symmetrical axosomatic synapses sometimes appeared adjacent to these CRF/TH synapses, while symmetrical axoaxonic synapses were rare. We conclude that CRF neuronal efferents synaptically activate A14 DA neurons in the primate PV and pvPVN. Parallel CRF/DA symmetrical synapses also suggest coexistence of a companion transmitter within some of these same CRF neurons. Our own previous work and recent independent studies indicate that this transmitter is probably GABA. Thus the CRF neuronal system, which is known to alter secretion of several pituitary hormones, may also act through hypothalamic periventricular DA neurons to mediate other responses to stress.
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PMID:Corticotropin-releasing factor neurons innervate dopamine neurons in the periventricular hypothalamus of juvenile macaques. Synaptic evidence for a possible companion neurotransmitter. 257 55

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of male albino rats was analyzed for the presence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity (GR-LI) in neuropeptide containing neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, coronal sections trough the entire PVN were double-stained with a mouse monoclonal antibody against GR and one of the following antisera: rabbit antiserum to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), neurotensin (NT), enkephalin (ENK), cholecystokinin (CCK), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), galanin (GAL), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). For comparison the occurrence of GR-LI in NT-, SOM-, NPY- or TH-positive neurons of the arcuate nucleus was also studied. Our results indicate that GR-LI is present in the parvocellular part of the PVN but not in its magnocellular portion. Virtually every parvocellular neuron in the PVN containing one of the above mentioned peptides was also positive for GR, with the exception of SOM neurons, of which only about two thirds showed detectable levels of GR-LI. All TH-positive, presumably dopamine neurons in the PVN were GR-positive. In the arcuate nucleus all TH- and NPY-positive neurons as well as a large proportion of the SOM- and NT-immunoreactive neurons contained GR-LI. The results indicate that in the PVN, in addition to the CRF neurons, certain peptidergic neurons in the parvocellular part of the PVN, without any established role in the control of ACTH synthesis and release, may also be under glucocorticoid control. This seems to be the case also for most arcuate neurons.
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PMID:Coexistence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity with neuropeptides in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. 259 16

In order to study the morphological interrelationships between immunocytochemically identified neuronal systems, a double labelling procedure - suitable for correlative light and electron microscopic observations - is introduced. The technique is based on the consecutive use of the silver-gold (SG) intensified and non-intensified forms of the oxidized 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen in the framework of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) indirect immunocytochemical procedure. The first tissue antigen is detected by the SG intensified DAB chromogen, which has a black color and high electron density. The structures containing the second antigen are visualized by the non-intensified DAB-endproduct, which is less electron-dense than the silver-gold amplified form and is brown. The metallic shield that forms around the labeled antibody sequences associated with the first antigen prevents non-specific binding of immunoglobulins used for the detection of the second tissue antigen. The application of this method for the simultaneous detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive structures revealed that black colored TH-immunopositive fibers contacted brown colored CRF-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The juxtaposition of TH- and CRF-containing elements was apparent in both thick vibratome (40 micron) and semithin (1 micron) sections. At the ultrastructural level, TH-positive terminals - labeled by silver-gold grains - were observed to establish asymmetric synapses with both CRF- and TH-immunoreactive neurons. The former finding indicates a direct, TH-immunopositive, catecholaminergic influence upon the hypothalamic CRF system, while the latter demonstrates the existence of intrinsic connections between TH-positive elements.
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PMID:A combined light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical method for the simultaneous localization of multiple tissue antigens. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive innervation of corticotropin releasing factor synthesizing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. 287 47

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv), which lies in the periventricular zone of the preoptic region, is critical for normal phasic gonadotropin secretion since lesions of this nucleus abolish the progesterone-induced surge of luteinizing hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, block ovulation, and induce persistent vaginal estrus in female rats. However, very little is known about the neurotransmitter-specific pathways associated with this nucleus. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of biochemically specific cells and fibers within the AVPv and adjacent regions by using an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5-HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH1-24), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Our findings indicate that both cells and fibers containing these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed in and around the AVPv in accordance with the cytoarchitectonic organization of this part of the preoptic region. The AVPv itself appears to receive strong inputs from SP-, VAS-, CCK-, and SS-containing pathways, whereas the highest densities of L-ENK-, NT-, 5-HT-, NPY-, and DBH-immunoreactive fibers were found in the cell-sparse zone just lateral to the AVPv. The suprachiasmatic preoptic nucleus (PSCh), a small group of cells located ventral to the AVPv just dorsal to the optic chiasm, contained high densities of alpha-MSH- and ACTH-immunoreactive fibers, as well as substantial numbers of fibers containing catecholamines or NPY. In contrast, a dense plexus of VAS-stained fibers was distributed fairly evenly throughout the AVPv and PSCh. Numerous L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and moderate numbers of CCK-, NT-, and CRF-stained cell bodies were found in the AVPv. The PSCh contained many TH-stained cells (presumably dopaminergic), in addition to a moderate number of CCK-containing cell bodies, while a high density of NT- and CRF-stained cells were found in the cell-sparse zone lateral to the AVPv, in addition to several CCK-, SP-, VIP-, and TH-containing cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The distribution of neurotransmitter-specific cells and fibers in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus: implications for the control of gonadotropin secretion in the rat. 288 Jun 34


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