Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The production and secretion of multiple peptide hormones and tyrosine hydroxylase by the human neuroblastoma cell line NB-1 and the effects of dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) and phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on them were investigated. The presence of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/peptide histidine methionine (PHM), preprotachykinin, and tyrosine hydroxylase was detectable in the cytoplasm of cultured NB-1 cells by in situ hybridization. Treatment with Bt2cAMP and TPA markedly increased the number of cells immunoreactive to VIP, PHM, neuropeptide Y, Met-enkephalin, substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase and also the contents of VIP and Met-enkephalin in the culture medium. Bt2cAMP and TPA induced morphological changes characteristic of endocrine differentiation, such as an increase in neuroendocrine granules and the development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The results indicated that treatment with Bt2cAMP and TPA induces the expression of multiple genes of peptide hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase and increases hormone production and secretion through morphological changes into endocrine cells.
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PMID:Detection of multiple hormones and their mRNAs in human neuroblastoma cell line NB-1 using in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. 127 91

We have used immunofluorescence to study the postnatal development of the sympathetic and sensory innervation to the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) ovary. Sympathetic nerves were identified as adrenergic by their content of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity and as peptidergic by the presence of neuropeptide Y (NPY). Fibers containing substance P (SP) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity were considered as sensory, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive fibers were only defined as peptidergic because VIP may be present in both sympathetic and sensory nerves. Ovaries from neonatal (2-mo-old), juvenile (9-18-mo-old), peripubertal (3-3.5-yr-old), adult (9-14-yr-old), and senescent (20-27-yr-old) monkeys were studied. At all ages, with the exception of senescence, TH-, NPY-, and VIP-containing fibers were associated with follicles in different developmental stages. In peripubertal and adult animals, some primordial follicles were found to be selectively innervated by VIPergic fibers that almost completely encircled each follicle. Both sympathetic and VIP fibers were also detected in the interstitial tissue and associated with the ovarian vasculature at all ages. The number of sympathetic and VIP fibers increased significantly (p < 0.01) between 2 mo and 9-18 mo of age, and again increased (p < 0.01) around the age of puberty (approximately 3 yr of age). After this time, the number of NPY and TH fibers remained constant. Conversely, the number of VIP fibers decreased (p < 0.05) by 9-14 yr of age, but remained constant thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Postnatal development of sympathetic and sensory innervation of the rhesus monkey ovary. 128 72

Immunohistochemical staining of arteries supplying the dog forepaw showed a dense distribution of nerve fibers which were immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) around the vascular walls. The density of each immunoreactive fiber tended to increase in the peripheral branch of the vascular tree. Retrograde axonal tracing with Fast Blue from the artery revealed that these immunoreactive fibers originated from NPY-containing catecholaminergic as well as VIP/SP/CGRP-containing non-catecholaminergic neurons in the stellate ganglion and SP/CGRP-containing neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of segments C7 to Th1. After stellate ganglionectomy, TH-, NPY-, and, VIP-immunoreactive fibers disappeared completely from the arterial walls while approximately 40% of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers remained. The present results indicate that the artery of the dog forepaw receive triple innervation of adrenergic sympathetic, non-adrenergic sympathetic, and sensory fibers, and suggest that about 40% of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers are of sensory origin.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the sympathetic and sensory innervation to the blood vessels of the dog forepaw. 130 3

Tryptic digestion of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) isolated from rat adrenal glands labeled with 32Pi produced five phosphopeptides. Based on the correspondence of these phosphopeptides with those identified in TH from rat pheochromocytoma cells, four phosphorylation sites (Ser8, Ser19, Ser31, and Ser40) were inferred. Field stimulation of the splanchnic nerves at either 1 or 10 Hz (300 pulses) increased 32P incorporation into TH. At 10 Hz, the phosphorylation of Ser19 and Ser40 was increased, whereas at 1 Hz, Ser19, Ser31, and Ser40 phosphorylation was increased. Stimulation at either 1 or 10 Hz also increased the catalytic activity of TH, as measured in vitro (pH 7.2) at either 30 or 300 microM tetrahydrobiopterin. Nicotine (3 microM, 3 min) increased Ser19 phosphorylation, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (10 microM, 3 min) increased Ser40 phosphorylation, and muscarine (100 microM, 3 min) increased TH phosphorylation primarily at Ser19 and Ser31. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but not nicotine or muscarine, mimicked the effects of field stimulation on TH activity. Thus, the regulation of rat adrenal medullary TH phosphorylation by nerve impulses is mediated by multiple first and second messenger systems, as previously shown for catecholamine secretion. However, different sets of second messengers are involved in the two processes. The action of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide as a secretagogue involves the mobilization of intracellular calcium, whereas its effects on TH phosphorylation are mediated by cyclic AMP. This latter effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the consequent increase in Ser40 phosphorylation appear to be responsible for the rapid activation of TH by splanchnic nerve stimulation.
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PMID:Activation and multiple-site phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in perfused rat adrenal glands. 134 70

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the rabbit retina constitute a population of wide-field amacrine cells. To better define this cell population, we examined the coexpression of VIP with other putative retinal transmitters or their biosynthetic enzymes, including gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and somatostatin (SRIF). Colchicine-treated retinas were immersion fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The retinas were cut either perpendicular or parallel to the vitreal surface and processed by double-label immunofluorescence techniques using antibodies directed to VIP, GABA, TH, and SRIF. The immunoreactive staining patterns obtained with these antibodies were the same as those described in previous studies. GABA-IR neurons were localized to the proximal inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) and processes were distributed throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL). TH- and SRIF-IR neurons were sparsely distributed to the proximal INL and GCL, respectively. TH-IR processes ramified in laminae 1, 3, and 5, and SRIF-IR processes in laminae 1 and 5 of the IPL. Colocalization experiments showed that all VIP-IR neurons contain GABA immunoreactivity. In contrast, colocalization of VIP and TH or SRIF immunoreactivities was never observed. These results demonstrate that VIP-IR wide-field amacrines of the rabbit retina make up a neurochemically and morphologically distinct subpopulation of the GABA-IR amacrine cell population. Furthermore, VIP-IR amacrine cells constitute a distinct group with respect to the TH- and SRIF-IR amacrine cells.
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PMID:Colocalization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and GABA immunoreactivities in a population of wide-field amacrine cells in the rabbit retina. 134 29

The occurrence and distribution of neuronal markers in human premolar and molar pulps were studied immunohistochemically. In the apical and central parts of the pulp, evenly distributed, thick neurofilament-immunoreactive nerve bundles predominated, which in many instances accompanied blood vessels. In the coronal parts, especially in the pulp horns, such nerve bundles formed a subodontoblastic plexus, while thin neurofilament-immunoreactive fibres projected into the odontoblastic region. In the coronal parts of the pulp, thin, varicose, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and occasionally substance P-immunoreactive fibres were observed in the pulp-dentine zone and also in the vicinity of blood vessels. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) fibres were distributed in several nerve bundles, while single VIP fibres were seen projecting into the odontoblastic region as well as in the vicinity of blood vessels. Peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI)-immunoreactive fibres showed a similar distribution as VIP, but were less common. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres occurred occasionally around blood vessels in the inner parts of the pulp. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibres with a varicose appearance were observed in some nerve bundles, but were also frequently seen around and in blood vessels. In premolar pulps obtained from teeth with open apices a less dense neurofilament innervation was seen in the coronal pulp. However, no apparent difference in the occurrence and distribution of the other neuronal markers was found compared to mature teeth. The human dental pulp, thus, seems to have a rich occurrence of neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in thin, varicose fibres. However, the distribution of the fibres expressing immunoreactivity to these neuronal markers seems to be sparse in comparison to neurofilament-immunoreactive fibres.
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PMID:Occurrence and distribution of different neurochemical markers in the human dental pulp. 137 21

The sympathetic and sensory innervation of guinea-pig trachea and lung were studied by means of retrograde neuronal tracing using fluorescent dyes, and double-labelling immunofluorescence. Sympathetic neurons supplying the lung were located in stellate ganglia and in thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia T2-T4; those supplying the trachea resided in the superior cervical and stellate ganglia. Retrogradely labelled sympathetic neurons were usually immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase; the majority also contained neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity. However, a small number were non-catecholaminergic (i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase negative), but neuropeptide Y immunoreactive. Within the airways, tyrosine hydroxylase/neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive axons were found in the smooth muscle layer, around blood vessels including the pulmonary artery and vein, and to a lesser extent in the lamina propria. Periarterial axons contained in addition dynorphin immunoreactivity. Sensory neurons supplying the lung were located in jugular and nodose vagal ganglia as well as in upper thoracic dorsal root ganglia; those supplying the trachea were most frequently found bilaterally in the nodose ganglia and less frequently in the jugular ganglia. A spinal origin of tracheal sensory fibres could not be consistently demonstrated. With regard to their immunoreactivity to peptides, three types of sensory neurons projecting to the airways could be distinguished: (i) substance P/dynorphin immunoreactive; (ii) substance P immunoreactive but dynorphin negative; and (iii) negative to all peptides tested. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons innervating the airways invariably contained immunoreactivity to neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Retrogradely labelled neurons located in the nodose ganglia belonged almost exclusively (greater than or equal to 99%) to the peptide-negative group, whereas the three neuron types each represented about one-third of retrogradely labelled neurons in jugular and dorsal root ganglia. Within the airways, axons immunoreactive to substance P/neurokinin A and substance P/calcitonin gene-related peptide were distributed within the respiratory epithelium of trachea and large bronchi, in the lamina propria and smooth muscle from the trachea down to the smallest bronchioli (highest density at the bronchial level), in the alveolar walls, around systemic and pulmonary blood vessels, and within airway ganglia. Those axons also containing dynorphin immunoreactivity were restricted to the lamina propria and smooth muscle. The origin of nerve fibres immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, of which a part were also neuropeptide Y immunoreactive, could not be determined by retrograde tracing experiments. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive fibres terminating within airway ganglia may be of preganglionic parasympathetic origin, whereas others (e.g. those found in smooth muscle) may arise from intrinsic ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The sensory and sympathetic innervation of guinea-pig lung and trachea as studied by retrograde neuronal tracing and double-labelling immunohistochemistry. 138 Jan 40

Retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry have identified the location within the rat pelvic plexus of neurons which project to the vas deferens, and their neurochemical properties. The fluorescent tracers, Fast Blue and FluoroGold, were injected into the wall of the vas deferens and labelled neurons located within the ventral part of the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) and the adjacent accessory ganglia (AG). Most neurons were located in ganglia ipsilateral to the injection site. Noradrenergic neurons were defined as those containing immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Five groups of dye-labelled neurons could be identified immunohistochemically, noradrenergic neurons containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) (60-70%), and four types of non-noradrenergic neurons, NPY-only neurons (5-10%), NPY neurons containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (3-5%), neurons containing only VIP (15-25%) and neurons containing galanin (GAL) (2-5%). Noradrenergic axons, and axons containing NPY or GAL were primarily located within the muscle, whereas most VIP axons were found as a dense plexus within the lamina propria. Very few peptide-containing varicose nerve terminals surrounded dye-labelled (vas deferens-projecting) pelvic neurons. Thus, no peptide marker was found for most of the preganglionic inputs supplying postganglionic neurons which project to the vas deferens. These studies have shown that pelvic neurons supplying the vas deferens have a discrete location within the rat pelvic ganglia and that they comprise at least five neurochemical groups, providing innervation to the muscle and lamina propria. The preganglionic connections with these noradrenergic and non-noradrenergic (possible cholinergic) pathways, and further examination of the role of mucosal innervation remain to be determined.
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PMID:Location and peptide content of pelvic neurons supplying the muscle and lamina propria of the rat vas deferens. 140 23

Acute peripheral axotomy of the visceral sensory neurons of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves removes peripheral depolarizing and trophic influences to their sensory ganglia. To study axotomy-induced changes in the putative neurotransmitters of visceral sensory neurons, rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 7 or 14 days after transection of either the cervical vagus and superior laryngeal nerves (to affect peripheral axotomy of the nodose ganglion) or the glossopharyngeal and carotid sinus nerves (to affect peripheral axotomy of the petrosal ganglion). The numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-ir, calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP)-ir, and substance P (SP)-ir neurons in the respective ganglia were analyzed in axotomized and control ganglia. In the nodose ganglion, axotomy of the cervical vagus resulted in a rapid (by 1 day) reduction in the number of TH-ir cells, whereas VIP-ir neurons were dramatically increased in number by 3 days. CGRP- and SP-ir cells in the nodose ganglion were relatively unaffected by axotomy. In the petrosal ganglion, axotomy of the glossopharyngeal and carotid sinus nerves greatly reduced the number of TH-ir cells but did not alter the number VIP-ir neurons. CGRP- and SP-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were reduced in number by axotomy. Thus, axotomy of visceral sensory neurons differentially changed the content and perhaps the expression of putative transmitters. Differential changes were seen among transmitters in a single ganglia and between ganglia. These data demonstrate the plasticity of putative neurotransmitter systems in visceral afferent systems of adult rats.
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PMID:Axotomy alters putative neurotransmitters in visceral sensory neurons of the nodose and petrosal ganglia. 168 May 28

The anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG) of the male guinea-pig has been found to consist of three principal components. The presence of a cholinergic component was determined by the demonstration of cytoplasmic and nerve fibre acetylcholinesterase activity. A noradrenergic component was demonstrated by immunoreactivity (IR) of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in neuronal perikarya. The AMPG also had a peptidergic component which may or may not sub-classify the cholinergic and noradrenergic components. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactivities were seen in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres and nerve terminals/varicosities, while somatostatin (SOM)-IR was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Substance P (SP)-IR was present in a dense network of varicose nerve fibres. However, on a rare occasion SP-IR was observed in neuronal perikarya. Enkephalin (ENK)-IR occurred in a sparsely distributed plexus of varicose nerve fibres. The analysis of adjacent serial sections demonstrated distinct patterns of neuropeptide coexistence in AMPG neurons. NPY-IR was colocalised to a subpopulation of TH-IR neuronal perikarya. NPY-IR was also colocalised with VIP-IR in non-TH-IR neuronal perikarya. VIP-IR occurred together with AChE in particular neuronal perikarya. The relationship between immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and immunoreactive nerve terminals was investigated. SP-IR nerve terminals were closely related to neuronal perikarya exhibiting VIP-, NPY-, or TH-IR. TH-IR neuronal perikarya were also abutted by ENK-IR nerve terminals. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were abutted by two nerve terminal types: one immunoreactive for VIP, the other for NPY. DBH-IR neuronal perikarya received AChE-positive varicosities while AChE-positive neurons were abutted by DBH-IR varicose nerve fibres. AChE-positive varicosities were also closely related to neuronal perikarya possessing VIP-IR and AChE activity.
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PMID:Specific patterns of immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the anterior major pelvic ganglion of the male guinea-pig. 168 Aug 42


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