Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The various subpopulations of autonomic and sensory nerves supplying the mammalian cardiovascular system may be demonstrated using specific immunocytochemical and histochemical techniques, but no single marker has previously been available for the visualisation of the entire innervation. Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was first identified in extracts of human brain and found to represent a major protein component of the neuronal cytoplasm. We have demonstrated that PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity occurs in the guinea pig cardiovascular innervation and is present in more individual nerve fibres than other general neuronal markers (neuron-specific enolase and neurofilaments). PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity was localized to both intrinsic neurones and nerve fibres in the guinea pig heart. In the vascular system PGP 9.5-immunoreactivity occurred in an extensive plexus of fine perivascular nerve fibres and fascicles running around and along both arteries and veins, mainly at the adventitial-medial border. At the ultrastructural level, this immunoreactive material was localized to the axonal cytoplasm and did not appear to be associated with cytoskeletal elements or secretory vesicles. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pretreatment resulted in the degeneration of noradrenergic axon terminals containing PGP 9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) immunoreactivities. Most of the perivascular nerve fibres which remained displayed substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity, as well as PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity. Capsaicin pretreatment resulted in a depletion of both substance P and CGRP immunoreactivity, but had no apparent effect on PGP 9.5 immunostaining. In the heart PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity also appeared to be present in presumed postganglionic cholinergic nerves. PGP 9.5 may be a useful marker when examining regional variations in cardiovascular innervation and for determining the relative proportions of nerve subpopulations.
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PMID:The visualisation of cardiovascular innervation in the guinea pig using an antiserum to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). 310 56

Immunohistochemical methods were used to study the autonomic innervation of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle in a series of human postnatal specimens ranging in age from 1 month to 3 years. The occurrence and distribution of nerves immunoreactive for the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were investigated. In addition immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and to protein gene product (PGP 9.5), a general nerve marker were also studied. A neurohistochemical method was used to localise acetylcholinesterase. The results obtained from either organ were similar. Regardless of age, a rich plexus of nerve fibres immunoreactive for PGP 9.5 was present both within the muscle coat and also beneath the epithelium of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle. Some acetylcholinesterase containing nerves occurred in the muscle coat but the majority were found under the epithelium in the connective tissue of the mucosa. TH and DBH-containing nerves (presumably noradrenergic in type) formed dense intramuscular plexuses but none occurred subepithelially. In contrast NPY-containing nerves formed a less dense intramuscular plexus and were also observed beneath the epithelium. Thus while NPY may occur in some of the intramuscular noradrenergic nerve fibres it is clearly not confined to this type of nerve in either the vas deferens or the seminal vesicle. SP- and CGRP-containing nerves were extremely infrequent and, when observed, were confined to the muscle coat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The intramural innervation of the human vas deferens and seminal vesicle in infants and children. 752 44

The endocrine cells and nerves of the respiratory tract of the reptile Podarcis hispanica were investigated by immunocytochemistry under light microscopy. Immunoreactivities were more numerous in the lung than in the trachea. In the tracheal epithelium, endocrine cells immunoreactive to PHI, PYY, and Leu-enkephalin were detected, while immunoreactivity to serotonin, calcitonin, CGRP, PHI, and Leu-enkephalin was found in pulmonary endocrine cells. Numerous nerve fibers positive to NSE, PGP9.5, chromogranin, tyrosine hydroxylase, calcitonin, CGRP, bombesin, substance P, VIP, NPY, and PYY were found in the lungs. In addition, neurons positive to NSE and PGP9.5 were also found. Immunoreactivities to PHI and PYY in cells and to NSE, PGP9.5, chromogranin, tyrosine hydroxylase, calcitonin, CGRP, and PYY in nerves, were reported first in the respiratory system of reptiles.
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PMID:An immunocytochemical study of the respiratory system of Podarcis hispanica (Reptilia). 753 37

There are only a few studies on the innervation of the human parathyroid glands and the content of neurotransmitters. We therefore studied the occurrence and distribution of peptide-containing and adrenergic nerve fibres and the coexistence pattern of neuromessengers by immunocytochemistry in normal (unaffected) and adenomatous parathyroid glands from patients undergoing surgery for parathyroid adenoma. The unaffected parathyroid glands had a moderate-to-rich supply of nerve fibres and terminals containing two general neuronal markers, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and synaptophysin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). They were seen close to blood vessels and, occasionally, among the endocrine cells. Only a few nerves contained calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). The general density of innervation, using PGP 9.5 and synaptophysin as markers, varied greatly among the different adenomas examined. This applied also to the density of fibres and terminals containing specific types of messengers. Some of the tumours had a rich supply of TH- and NPY-containing nerve fibres, while others contained only few scattered fibres. The CGRP-containing fibres varied from moderate in number to no detectable fibres. The PACAP-, SP- and VIP-containing fibres were always very few or not detectable. It is not inconceivable that the wide variation in general density of the innervation and frequency of peptide-containing nerves among individual parathyroid adenomas is of significance for their hormone secretory behaviour.
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PMID:Peptide-containing nerve fibres in normal human parathyroid glands and in human parathyroid adenomas. 758 83

Skin innervation during wound healing was investigated using immunocytochemical staining with the panneuronal marker antiprotein gene product (PGP) 9.5, which labels the entire innervation of the skin throughout development and in the adult. Full-thickness skin wounds in the hairy skin of the foot in neonatal rats result in pronounced hyperinnervation of the tissue that persists long after the wound has healed (at least 12 weeks). Quantification of this hyperinnervation by image analysis indicates that skin innervation density in the wounded area can increase up to 300%. The effect is greatest when wounds are performed at postnatal day (P) 0 or 7, declining when performed at P14 and P21 to resemble the weaker and transient effect in the adult. Staining with selective markers for different neuronal populations innervating skin (monoclonal anti-RT97 staining the myelinated axons of large light sensory ganglion cells; anticalcitonin gene-related peptide staining unmyelinated C axons, thinly myelinated A delta axons, and a subpopulation of large A fibres) reveal that both A- and C-fibre sensory axons contribute to this response. Destruction of the majority of the C-fibre population with neonatal capsaicin pretreatment, which leaves large A fibres intact, significantly reduces the hyperinnervation response at 14 days, confirming a major contribution from both A and C fibres. Sympathetic axons, stained with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase, do not sprout into the wounded area. Furthermore, pretreatment of neonates with 6-hydroxydopamine, which destroys the sympathetic innervation, does not significantly reduce the overall sprouting response, as identified by anti-PGP9.5 staining. Behavioural sensory testing revealed a 50% drop in the mechanical threshold in the wounded area after 3 weeks. These remarkably long-term and specific effects on sensory terminal axons following neonatal skin wounding indicate the plasticity of cutaneous innervation density following alterations in the target tissue at a critical stage of development.
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PMID:Long-term sensory hyperinnervation following neonatal skin wounds. 759 44

The liver innervation of eight different mammalian species was examined by immunohistochemical localization of protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 to visualize the general innervation for autonomic nerve fibres. In addition, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), two enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis, were localized immunohistochemically to delineate hepatic sympathetic nerve fibres. We found that: (1) Within the interlobular region of each species, PGP 9.5, DBH and TH-positive nerve fibres were all seen in close association with branches of hepatic arteries, portal veins and bile ducts. (2) Within the parenchyma of the guinea-pig, cat, dog, pig, monkey and human liver, the presence of the three immuno-positive nerve fibres could be unequivocally identified, although the density of these intralobular fibres showed marked species variation. Moreover, immunoelectron microscopic study confirmed that PGP 9.5-positive nerve terminals of the human liver are in close apposition to hepatocytes. (3) In mouse and rat, no parenchymal nerve fibres immunoreactive for PGP 9.5, TH or DBH could be demonstrated.
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PMID:Comparative study of the mammalian liver innervation: an immunohistochemical study of protein gene product 9.5, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. 773 98

Double-labelling immunofluorescence was applied on single sections of the rat superior cervical ganglion to evaluate neurochemistry and connectivity of intraganglionic SIF cells. The synaptic vesicle membrane protein synaptophysin and secretoneurin, a newly discovered neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II, proved reliable molecular markers of this cell type, whereas serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities were observed in slightly incongruent SIF cell subpopulations. Immunolabelling for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y occurred in few SIF cells. None of the above immunoreactivities were visibly altered by preganglionic or postganglionic denervation, while some SIF cells were immunolabelled for galanin or for the neuronal microtubule-associated protein MAP2 after postganglionic denervation. SIF cells were nonreactive for the pan-neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 or neurofilament 160 kD. Intense staining of NADPH-diaphorase in some SIF cells, suggesting catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthase, could not be substantiated by immunoreactivity for this enzyme. SIF cells were approached by nonidentical fiber populations immunoreactive for PGP 9.5, neurofilament, or neuropeptide Y, whereas immunoreactivities for galanin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were colocalized in fiber meshes around SIF cells. The findings indicate (1) neurochemical SIF cell heterogeneity, (2) SIF cell plasticity in response to ganglionic perturbation, and (3) a differentiated innervation of SIF cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion.
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PMID:Immunohistochemistry of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and of SIF cell-associated nerve fibers in the rat superior cervical ganglion. 781 35

The distributions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) have been examined immunohistochemically in the adrenal gland of the snake Waglerophis merremii. The morphology of chromaffin cells and the presence of ganglionic neurons in the gland revealed by means of the glutaraldehyde-silver technique and electron microscopy are also described. Two distinct types of TH-immunoreactive (-IR) cells are present in the dorsal noradrenergic ribbon: small chromaffin cells and a larger type identified as ganglionic neurons. Small, mostly round or fusiform cells often displayed long processes. Ganglionic cells, arranged in patches, had long processes entering the cortex of the gland. Chromaffin adrenergic cells, forming small groups of 4-7 cells, were scattered within the interrenal tissue and had a wide variety of shapes with processes that appeared to contact other chromaffin cells. Bundles of PGP 9.5-IR fibers occurred in the subcapsular zone of the adrenal gland with fibers entering the cortex and dorsal noradrenergic ribbon of the gland. Thick and thin TH-IR fibers were seen. Thick TH-IR fibers were nonvaricose and appeared to originate mainly in ganglionic neurons. Thin TH-IR fibers with small varicosities were numerous in the interrenal tissue and were frequently seen between clusters of adrenergic cells in close apposition to cortical cells and vessels. CGRP-IR fibers were present throughout the entire adrenal gland, whereas PHI-IR fibers had a preferential distribution in the interrenal tissue. Both CGRP- and PHI-IR fibers were closely associated with vessels and cortical cells.
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PMID:Histochemical study of chromaffin cells and nerve fibers in the adrenal gland of the flat snake (Waglerophis merremii). 791 Aug 5

Ubiquitin-immunoreactive dystrophic neurites in the CA2/3 region of the hippocampus are characteristic of diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD). The origin of dystrophic CA2/3 neurites is unknown, but their extent correlates with the number of cortical Lewy bodies (LBs). To examine the molecular composition of these lesions, hippocampal sections were obtained at postmortem from cases of DLBD, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The tissue samples were fixed in a variety of fixatives and immunostained with antibodies to ubiquitin, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (PGP9.5), neurofilament protein subunits, tau protein, paired helical filaments and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In addition to being ubiquitin positive, both cortical LBs and CA2/3 dystrophic neurites were positive with a neurofilament monoclonal antibody (RM032) and PGP9.5; however, fewer lesions were detected with these antibodies compared to ubiquitin immunocytochemistry. The dystrophic CA2/3 neurites were not stained with antibodies to tau proteins, paired helical filaments or TH. Absence of TH immunoreactivity suggests that CA2/3 neuritic processes are not derived from brain stem dopaminergic afferents to the hippocampus. Since CA2/3 neurites are immunologically similar to cortical LB, the pathogenesis of these lesions may be similar. Characterization of dystrophic CA2/3 neurites and cortical LBs may clarify how these lesions contribute to the emergence of dementia in DLBD.
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PMID:Immunoreactivity profile of hippocampal CA2/3 neurites in diffuse Lewy body disease. 791 27

The innervation of the capsule of the guinea pig spleen was studied by light microscopy using an indirect fluorescent-labelled antibody technique, as well as by electron microscopy. A dense network of nerve fibres immunoreactive to the general neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5 was observed in tangential sections through the capsule corresponding to the subcapsular compartment. The PGP 9.5-immunoreactivity in the fibres appeared to a large extent to be colocalised with tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivities as well as with synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Only very occasional fibres with substance P or calcitonin-gene-related peptide immunoreactivity were observed in tangential sections of the capsular region. By electron microscopy unmyelinated nerve fibres in the capsule were found to contain a large number of small dense-cored as well as clear vesicles and large dense-cored vesicles in varicose parts of the axons. The axolemma of the varicose regions was often naked, devoid of Schwann cells, and sometimes appeared denser than the nonspecialised parts of the membrane. These naked regions were observed in single sections to be apposed to splenic cells with variable intervals of extracellular space and interposed basal lamina material. Another type of contact was characterised by a very close association with splenic cells with no basal lamina interposed between the plasma membranes of the axon and the splenic cell. An intimate ultrastructural relationship was often also seen between varicose vesicle-containing axons and neighbouring axons in the nerve fibre bundles. The results show that the splenic capsule and its immediate neighbouring regions are innervated by catecholaminergic, NPY-containing fibres, which appear to establish different types of relations with the splenic cells as well as with one another.
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PMID:The innervation of the splenic capsule in the guinea pig: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. 796 Nov 33


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