Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Post-mortem brain tissue was obtained from four patients with schizophrenia and five controls to study cell groups in the brain stem reticular formation. Cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) were labeled using nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry, while catecholaminergic neurons of the locus ceruleus (LC) were labeled immunocytochemically using an antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase. In schizophrenic patients, there were increased numbers of neurons in the PPN labeled by NADPH-diaphorase and reduced cell size in the LC. These results implicate the reticular formation as a possible pathophysiological site for at least some patients with schizophrenia. This also suggests that some of the deficits observed may be based on faulty neurodevelopment.
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PMID:The brain stem reticular formation in schizophrenia. 168 69

A comparative analysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity in the olfactory bulb was conducted in the hamster and rat. The distribution and morphological features of NADPH-stained neurons were compared to those of glutamic acid decarboxylase-like (GAD-LI) and tyrosine hydroxylase-like (TH-LI) immunoreactive somata in order to relate NADPH-staining to neuronal classes with specific biochemical properties. Intense NADPH-staining was located in primary nerve fibers of the accessory and main olfactory systems, producing dense staining of individual glomeruli. The entire vomeronasal nerve and all glomeruli were stained in the accessory olfactory bulb, but olfactory nerve and glomerular staining were restricted to the dorsal half of the main olfactory bulb. The glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb of both animals contained numerous small NADPH-stained neurons. The range of somal areas of these neurons was relatively narrow and averaged about 60 microns2 (ca. 8 x 11 microns). Most neurons possessed ovoid somata and monoglomerular intraglomerular dendrites. Previous Golgi studies indicate that such features characterize periglomerular cells. The somal areas of GAD-LI somata in the glomerular layer overlapped that of the NADPH-stained neurons, providing additional evidence that these neurons are probably periglomerular cells. The range of somal areas of TH-LI somata in the glomerular layer was broader and included both small and large neurons that usually possessed intraglomerular dendritic tufts. The smaller TH-LI somata corresponded in size to both the NADPH-stained and GAD-LI somata, suggesting an interrelationship among periglomerular cells, GAD-LI, TH-LI, and NADPH-diaphorase activity. The larger TH-LI somata were probably external tufted cells. In the external plexiform layer of the hamster, oriented NADPH-stained neurons were observed that possessed an intraglomerular dendrite. These neurons appeared to be middle tufted cells. Lightly stained and smaller neurons were occasionally seen in the mitral body and internal plexiform layers, corresponding in somal area and morphological features to those of type III granule cells. No internal tufted or mitral cells were stained. The largest NADPH-stained neurons were located in the inner half of the granule cell layer and were classified as Golgi cells. Their somata averaged 125 microns2 (ca. 10 x 17 microns). Many NADPH-stained neurons were observed in all subdivisions of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the anterior hippocampal rudiment, anterior and posterior levels of the piriform cortex, and the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, all of which are known to provide centrifugal inputs to the olfactory bulb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase activity in the olfactory system of the hamster and rat. 168 89

The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH), the rate-limiting enzyme in norepinephrine biosynthesis, was measured in selected sympathetic ganglia to develop a quantitative measure of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Surprisingly, TOH activity was elevated twofold in diabetic prevertebral ganglia innervating the alimentary tract (i.e., superior mesenteric, celiac, and inferior mesenteric), which has terminal processes that develop neuroaxonal dystrophy in this model system. TOH activity of paravertebral ganglia (i.e., superior cervical and stellate) with nonalimentary targets was not increased in the same animals. Increased TOH activity in the prevertebral ganglia 1) developed within the 1st wk of diabetes and persisted for 10 mo, 2) did not represent a change in TOH affinity for d-1,6-methyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydropterine cofactor, 3) was prevented by both nicotinamide pretreatment and early institution of insulin therapy, and 4) did not develop as a result of classical transsynaptic induction. Pair-feeding experiments confirmed that the most likely cause of increased TOH activity in this system was the marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the diabetic bowel resulting from compensatory hyperphagia. We conclude that TOH activity does not represent a suitable marker for sympathetic autonomic neuropathy in this experimental system. Rather, the increase appears to be an example of a selective increase in the synthesis of neurotransmitter enzymes, possibly in response to increased trophic support provided by the expanded target, i.e., the hypertrophic gut. The additional synthetic stress imposed on prevertebral neurons by the expansion of the innervation of the alimentary target coupled with the complex diabetic metabolic milieu may contribute to the development and selective distribution of dystrophic axonopathy to the innervation of the alimentary tract.
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PMID:Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in sympathetic nervous system of rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes. 256 57

The aim of modern Parkinson therapy is to overcome the dopamine deficit in the brain of parkinsonian patients which is the cause of their motor disability. This can be achieved in two ways: (a) substitution of the lacking dopamine by l-dopa, or (b) stimulation of the endogenous biosynthesis by activating the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. The latter approach is possible by the iron compound oxyferriscorbone or by the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In addition to these two major medications the essential therapeutic additives such as the decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide, the monoamineoxidase B inhibitor deprenyl and the dopamine receptor agonist lisuride should be used for the fine adjustment of the individual patient.
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PMID:Strategy and tactic of modern Parkinson therapy. 269 35

Nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity was found in a subpopulation of sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the cat stellate and lower lumbar ganglia. In the ganglia of other segments such cells were rare. Double staining for tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity or the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reaction indicated that nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reactivity was always co-localized and was confined to tyrosine hydroxylase-negative (presumably cholinergic) ganglion cells, and was present in most of them. The occurrence of nitric oxide synthase in two subpopulations of cholinergic postganglionic neurons was investigated in triple staining experiments. Presumptive sudomotor neurons have been previously defined as scattered cells containing calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity, usually accompanied by vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity: 99% of these contained nitric oxide synthase. Presumptive muscle vasodilator neurons have been previously identified as clumped cells with strong vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity but no calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity: 70% of these contained nitric oxide synthase. Sweat glands were found in the paw pad skin surrounded by varicose fibres showing calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity, confirming previous work. Such fibres also stained for nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reactivity, although their staining was relatively weaker than in the corresponding cell bodies. Varicose fibres with the same chemical coding were also found around all large and most medium and small arteries in the paw skin as well as around arteriovenous anastomoses. Fibres with the muscle vasodilator coding (vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity without calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity) were not seen in paw skin. These results suggest that nitric oxide may act as a co-transmitter (with acetylcholine, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide) in sudomotor neurons and (with acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide) in vasodilator neurons. Collateral branches of sudomotor neurons may innervate skin vessels, and release vasodilator transmitters including nitric oxide to cause the vasodilatation which provides the fluid supply for sweat formation. Alternatively, separate vasodilator neurons to skin may share the same chemical code as sudomotor neurons.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase and chemical coding in cat sympathetic postganglionic neurons. 747 30

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized in neurons and is a potent relaxor of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle. The uterus contains abundant NO-synthesizing nerves which could be autonomic and/or sensory. This study was undertaken to determine: 1) the source(s) of NO-synthesizing nerves in the rat uterus and 2) what other neuropeptides or transmitter markers might coexist with NO in these nerves. Retrograde axonal tracing, utilizing Fluorogold injected into the uterine cervix, was employed for identifying sources of uterine-projecting neurons. NO-synthesizing nerves were visualized by staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and immunostaining with an antibody against neuronal/type I NO synthase (NOS). NADPH-d-positive perikarya and terminal fibers were NOS-immunoreactive (-I). Some NOS-I/NADPH-d-positive nerves in the uterus are parasympathetic and originate from neurons in the pelvic paracervical ganglia (PG) and some are sensory and originate from neurons in thoracic, lumbar, and sacral dorsal root ganglia. No evidence for NOS-I/NADPH-d-positive sympathetic nerves in the uterus was obtained. Furthermore, double immunostaining revealed that in parasympathetic neurons, NOS-I/NADPH-d-reactivity coexists with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and acetylcholinesterase and in sensory nerves, NOS-I/NADPH-d-reactivity coexists with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)-I neurons of the PG do not contain NOS-I/NADPH-d-reactivity, but some TH-I neurons are apposed by NOS-I varicosities. These results suggest NO-synthesizing nerves in the uterus are autonomic and sensory, and could play significant roles, possibly in conjunction with other putative transmitter agents, in the control of uterine myometrium and vasculature.
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PMID:Nitric oxide nerves in the uterus are parasympathetic, sensory, and contain neuropeptides. 753 54

The distribution of nitric oxide producing neurones in the medulla oblongata of the cat was investigated using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry. The pattern of staining obtained with both methods was found to be similar. Strongly diaphorase and NOS reactive neurones were present in the paramedian and lateral tegmental fields, including the regions occupied by the A1/C1 catecholamine cell groups, the nucleus ambiguus and lateral reticular nucleus, and in a number of sensory nuclei including the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the dorsal column nuclei. The extent of co-localization of NADPH-diaphorase with a number of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters was investigated by combining NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry with immunocytochemistry for neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, glutamate, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase. NADPH-diaphorase reaction product was observed in neurones immunoreactive for glutamate and somatostatin. These double-labelled cells were found in the paramedian region, lateral reticular field, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and in the rostral nucleus of the tractus solitarius. In the rostral ventrolateral medulla NADPH-diaphorase/somatostatin immunoreactive cells were found in the paragigantocellular nucleus. NADPH-diaphorase/glutamate immunoreactive cells overlapped the nucleus ambiguus, the lateral reticular nucleus and the A1/C1 catecholaminergic cell groups. In addition, a few NADPH-diaphorase/glutamate immunoreactive cells were found in the paraolivary area and gigantocellular tegmental field, in the external cuneate and infratrigeminal nuclei. The functional implications of the co-localization of nitric oxide with these neurotransmitters in areas of the medulla concerned with cardiovascular regulation is discussed.
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PMID:Co-localization of neurotransmitter immunoreactivities in putative nitric oxide synthesizing neurones of the cat brain stem. 754 Dec 9

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive (NOS-IR) axons and their relationship to structures immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied by means of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) technique or double-labelling immunofluorescence in the genital organs of cow and pig. Relevant neurons were also investigated in the pig. NOS-containing neural structures were TH-immunonegative in bovine or porcine genital organs, or in the studied ganglia. In the bovine ovary, NOS-IR nerves were neither VIP-IR nor SP-IR, whereas in the pig, most NOS-containing axons were also VIP-IR. The oviduct was supplied by single NOS/VIP- or NOS/SP-containing nerves, whereas in the uterus, NOS-IR axons were moderate in number, often being immunoreactive for VIP or SP. Numerous NOS/VIP-IR and NOS/SP-IR nerves were found in the vagina of both species. In all tissues studied, NOS-IR axons were mainly related to vascular smooth muscle. Most of the neurons of the paracervical ganglia and some neurons in dorsal root ganglia exhibited strong NOS activity. Only single neurons in sympathetic ganglia were NADPH-d-positive. Most nitrergic neurons in the autonomic ganglia were VIP-IR but SP-immunonegative. The sensory neurons were mostly NOS/SP-IR, whereas only single neurons co-expressed NOS and VIP immunoreactivity.
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PMID:The distribution and co-localization of immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P within nerve fibres supplying bovine and porcine female genital organs. 755 66

Disturbances in memory, concentration, and problem solving are common after even mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Because these functions are mediated in part by forebrain cholinergic and catecholaminergic innervation, in this study the authors sought to determine if experimental concussive injury produces detectable morphological damage to these systems. Fluid-percussion head injury, sufficient to cause a 13- to 14-minute loss of righting reflex, was produced in rats that had been anesthetized with halothane. Injury was delivered either at midline or 2 mm off midline and compared with appropriate sham-injured controls. After 11 to 15 days, the rat brains were stained in serial sections for choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, acetylcholinesterase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase. Cell counts were determined for the entire population of ventrobasal forebrain cholinergic cells. Midline injury produced a bilateral loss of cholinergic neurons averaging 36% in area Ch1 (medial septal nucleus), 45% in Ch2 (nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca), and 41% in Ch4 (nucleus basalis of Meynart), (p < or = 0.05). Lateralized injury resulted in cholinergic neuron loss of similar magnitude ipsilaterally (p < or = 0.05), but a smaller contralateral loss of between 11% and 28%. No loss of neurons was detected in the pontomesencephalic cholinergic groups Ch5 and Ch6. There was no visible effect of head injury on forebrain dopamine or noradrenergic innervation. A significant and apparently selective loss of ventrobasal forebrain cholinergic neurons following brief concussive injury in rats is demonstrated in this study. This type of injury is known to produce significant disturbance in cognitive tasks linked to neocortical and hippocampal cholinergic function. It remains to be determined how this neuron loss occurs, whether it can be prevented with neuroprotective agents, how it affects innervation in target tissues, and whether it occurs in human victims of traumatic brain injury.
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PMID:Loss of forebrain cholinergic neurons following fluid-percussion injury: implications for cognitive impairment in closed head injury. 766 29

The topographical relationships between cholinergic neurons, identified by their immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or their staining for beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase, and dopaminergic, serotoninergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic neurons that occur in the mesopontine tegmentum, were studied in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The ChAT-positive neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) form two distinct subpopulations, one that corresponds to PPN pars compacta (PPNc) and the other to PPN pars dissipata (PPNd). The ChAT-positive neurons in PPNc are clustered along the dorsolateral border of the superior cerebellar peduncle (SP) at trochlear nucleus levels, whereas those in PPNd are scattered along the SP from midmesencephalic to midpontine levels. At levels caudal to the trochlear nucleus, ChAT-positive neurons corresponding to the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) lie within the periaqueductal gray and extend caudally as far as locus coeruleus levels. All ChAT-positive neurons in PPN and LDT stain for NADPH-diaphorase; the majority of large neurons in PPN and LDT are cholinergic, but some large neurons devoid of NADPH-diaphorase also occur in these nuclei. Cholinergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum form clusters that are largely segregated from raphe serotonin-immunoreactive neurons, as well as from nigral dopaminergic and coeruleal noradrenergic neurons, as revealed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Nevertheless, dendrites of cholinergic and noradrenergic neurons are closely intermingled, suggesting the possibility of dendrodendritic contacts. In addition, numerous large and medium-sized glutamate-immunoreactive neurons are intermingled among cholinergic neurons in PPN. Furthermore, at trochlear nucleus levels, about 40% of cholinergic neurons display glutamate immunoreactivity, whereas other neurons express glutamate or ChAT immunoreactivity only. This study demonstrates that 1) cholinergic neurons remain largely segregated from monoaminergic neurons throughout the mesopontine tegmentum and 2) PPN contains cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons as well as neurons coexpressing ChAT and glutamate in primates.
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PMID:Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: distribution of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum with evidence for the presence of glutamate in cholinergic neurons. 791 26


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