Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

When rats were exposed to immobilized cold stress, adrenaline content in the adrenal gland as well as noradrenaline content in the brain stem were reduced drastically, while noradrenaline content in the atria was not altered by the application of stress. Oral administrations of taurine (4-7 g/kg/day, for 3 days) prevented the stress-induced decline of adrenaline in the adrenal gland and this preventive effect could not be duplicated by the administration of L-isoleucine or DL-methionine. In hypophysectomized rats, the stress also induced a significant fall in adrenaline content of the adrenal gland, however taurine administration did not show significant preventive effects on the decline in adrenal catecholamines. The immobilized cold stress induced a significant increase in blood sugar and this increase was antagonized by pretreatment with taurine. Taurine had no significant effects on the stress-induced increase in the activity of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and the turnover rate of adrenaline in the adrenal gland measured by the rate of decline of this amine following alpha-methyl-tyrosine administration. The administration of taurine, in both in vivo and in vitro, inhibited the release of adrenaline from adrenal medullary granules, but that of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was not significantly affected. The stress-induced elevation of the blood level of corticosterone was not affected by taurine administration. These findings indicate that taurine antagonizes the stress-induced elevation of blood sugar by reducing adrenaline output from the adrenal gland. The regulatory mechanism most likly involves the inhibition of adrenaline release from adrenal medullary granules, possibly by stabilizing the membrane of the granules.
 ...
PMID:Effect of taurine on alteration in adrenal functions induced by stress. 0 14

The response of six mRNAs (for prepro-corticotropin-releasing hormone, prepro-enkephalin, prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine, prepro-neurotensin/neuromedin N, prepro-cholecystokinin, and prepro-tyrosine hydroxylase) was measured in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei after increasing periods of osmotic stimulation caused by the replacement of regular drinking water with hypertonic saline (up to five days) or by forced dehydration (up to three days). In addition, hematocrits and concentrations of corticosterone were determined after the different periods of osmotic stimulation and correlated with the effects on the content of the various mRNAs. The temporal response of the mRNAs within the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to osmotic stimulation was different within the three compartments of these nuclei. First, in response to overnight osmotic stimulation, magnocellular neurosecretory neurons increased their mRNA content for two molecules (prepro-corticotropin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase). As the stimulus was maintained over the next two to four days, these cells accumulated the mRNAs for at least three other peptides (cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine and enkephalin). Second, the response of peptide-coding mRNAs in parvicellular neurosecretory neurons of the paraventricular nucleus appeared to be slower; no changes could be measured after overnight stimulation. However, after a further two- to four-days of continued osmotic stimulation, the content of the mRNA coding for corticotropin-releasing hormone markedly decreased while that for cholecystokinin increased. No change in the content of the mRNAs coding for prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine, enkephalin, and prepro-neurotensin/neuromedin N could be seen at any time after osmotic stimulation in parvicellular neurosecretory neurons. Third, increases in the content of mRNA coding for corticotropin-releasing hormone in the parvicellular neurons that provide descending projections from the paraventricular nucleus could only be detected after longer periods of osmotic stimulation. The effect of osmotic stimulation on plasma corticosterone concentrations was quickly apparent; plasma corticosterone concentrations were significantly elevated on the first morning after the beginning of salt-loading, and demonstrated the rapid effects of osmotic stimulation on the mechanisms controlling corticosterone release. These results show that the synthetic capability of cells in all three compartments of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei are modified by osmotic stimulation over different time scales, thereby allowing differential modulation of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral components of the animal's response to disturbances in fluid homeostasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Disturbance of fluid homeostasis leads to temporally and anatomically distinct responses in neuropeptide and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. 134 11

By means of immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay (RIA), we have investigated the possible occurrence of somatostatin (SOM)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the autonomic innervation of the pig nasal mucosa. SOM-immunoreactive (-IR) fibres were present around nasal arteries, arterioles and venous sinusoids. Double-labelling experiments revealed that SOM-LI was co-localized with the noradrenaline (NA) markers tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase as well as with neuropeptide Y (NPY) in a subpopulation of neurons in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and in perivascular nerve terminals. Furthermore, SOM-LI was also present in perivascular fibres containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and NPY of presumably parasympathetic origin. The parasympathetic fibres that were associated with glands contained peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), VIP and NPY but not SOM, suggesting that in the nasal mucosa SOM-IR is restricted to perivascular nerves. As revealed by RIA, the content of SOM-LI in biopsies of both nasal mucosa and superior cervical sympathetic ganglion was about 12 pmol/g and the reverse phase HPLC characterisation of SOM-LI shown two separate peaks for SOM-28 and SOM-14. In thiopentone anaesthetized pigs (n = 10), local intra-arterial (i.a.) infusion of SOM (1-14) induced dose-dependent, long lasting and parallel reduction of the nasal arterial blood flow, the volume of the nasal mucosa (reflecting capacitance vessel function) and decrease of the laser Doppler flowmeter signal (reflecting superficial nasal mucosal blood flow). These functional responses were not modified after pretreatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine (1 mg kg-1 i.a.) whereas the effects of NA were almost abolished. SOM (6.10(-6) mol, i.a.) did not influence the nasal vascular responses to single impulse stimulation of the nasal sympathetic nerve supply providing no evidence for prejunctional activity in spite of clear-cut vascular effects. It is concluded that SOM-LI is co-localized with NA and NPY in sympathetic nerves and with VIP/NPY in parasympathetic perivascular nerves of the pig nasal mucosa. Since SOM evokes vasoconstriction via non-adrenergic mechanisms, this peptide should also be considered when discussing mediator candidates for the neural regulation of the nasal vascular bed.
 ...
PMID:Vascular control of the pig nasal mucosa: distribution and effect of somatostatin in relation to noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y. 135 11

We sought to identify characteristics of peptidergic innervation that altered in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissue removed from patients with chronic pancreatitis was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antisera against neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine isoleucine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P, respectively. In accordance with recent findings, the number and diameter of intralobular and interlobular nerve bundles were found to be increased as compared with control pancreas from organ donors. The striking change in the peptidergic innervation pattern in chronic pancreatitis concerned these altered nerves. It consisted of an intensification of the immunostaining for calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in numerous fibers contained in these nerves. Adjacent sections showed that immunoreactive substance P and immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide coexisted in these fibers. Because both of these peptides are generally regarded as pain transmitter candidates, our findings provide further evidence that changes in pancreatic nerves themselves might be responsible for the long-lasting pain syndrome in chronic pancreatitis.
 ...
PMID:Changes in peptidergic innervation in chronic pancreatitis. 137 38

The occurrence and distribution of neuronal markers in human premolar and molar pulps were studied immunohistochemically. In the apical and central parts of the pulp, evenly distributed, thick neurofilament-immunoreactive nerve bundles predominated, which in many instances accompanied blood vessels. In the coronal parts, especially in the pulp horns, such nerve bundles formed a subodontoblastic plexus, while thin neurofilament-immunoreactive fibres projected into the odontoblastic region. In the coronal parts of the pulp, thin, varicose, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and occasionally substance P-immunoreactive fibres were observed in the pulp-dentine zone and also in the vicinity of blood vessels. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) fibres were distributed in several nerve bundles, while single VIP fibres were seen projecting into the odontoblastic region as well as in the vicinity of blood vessels. Peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI)-immunoreactive fibres showed a similar distribution as VIP, but were less common. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres occurred occasionally around blood vessels in the inner parts of the pulp. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibres with a varicose appearance were observed in some nerve bundles, but were also frequently seen around and in blood vessels. In premolar pulps obtained from teeth with open apices a less dense neurofilament innervation was seen in the coronal pulp. However, no apparent difference in the occurrence and distribution of the other neuronal markers was found compared to mature teeth. The human dental pulp, thus, seems to have a rich occurrence of neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in thin, varicose fibres. However, the distribution of the fibres expressing immunoreactivity to these neuronal markers seems to be sparse in comparison to neurofilament-immunoreactive fibres.
 ...
PMID:Occurrence and distribution of different neurochemical markers in the human dental pulp. 137 21

The peptidergic innervation of rat thymus has been investigated by immunohistochemical methods, focusing on the spatial interrelationship of peptidergic nerve fibers with mast cells and macrophages in the rat. An antiserum directed against the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) regarded as a pan-neuronal marker revealed a rich innervation, especially in the subcapsular cortex, in interlobular septa, and of the vasculature in the cortex and the corticomedullary boundary. A minor proportion of PGP 9.5-immunoreactive (ir) fibers supplied the thymic parenchyma. The main component of peptidergic innervation consisted of fibers costaining for tachykinins (TKs) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), but considerable amounts of neuropeptide Y (NPY)/tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive fibers and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine-positive fibers also were present. There were sparse Leu-enkephalin and galanin immunoreactivities in thymic nerve fibers, while neurotensin was absent from nerve fibers. Close associations of TK/CGRP-ir and NPY-ir fibers with mast cells were frequently detected in the connective tissue areas of the thymus, often adjacent to the vasculature. TK/CGRP-ir fibers and some rare NPY-ir fibers were found adjacent to EDl-positive macrophages and less frequently to mast cells. TK/CGRP-ir and NPY-ir fibers were mainly detected in relation to the vasculature of the cortex and the corticomedullary boundary, but also were found in capsular and subcapsular regions of the thymic cortex. The possible importance of the close spatial relationship between the various peptide-containing nerve fibers and mast cells and ED1-positive macrophages in neuroimmune integration is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Interrelation of peptidergic innervation with mast cells and ED1-positive cells in rat thymus. 164 85

The occurrence and distribution of peptide-containing nerve fibres [substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), neuropeptide Y (NPY)] and noradrenergic nerve fibres [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH)-positive] in the airways of the pig were studied by means of immunohistochemistry. SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibres were present close to and within the lining respiratory epithelium, around blood vessels, within the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer and around local tracheobronchial ganglion cells. The content of CGRP- and neurokinin A (NKA)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was twice as high in the trachea compared to that in the peripheral bronchi. SP was a more potent constrictor agent than NKA on pig bronchi in vitro. CGRP had a relaxant effect on precontracted pig bronchi. On blood vessels CGRP exerted a relaxant effect that was more pronounced on pulmonary arteries than on bronchial arteries. VIP/PHI-IR fibres were seen in association with exocrine glands and in the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer. VIP-positive nerve fibres were abundant around blood vessels in the trachea but sparse or absent around blood vessels in the peripheral bronchi. This histological finding was supported by RIA; it was shown that the content of peptides displaying VIP-like immunoreactivity (-LI) was 18 times higher in the trachea compared to peripheral bronchi. VIP was equally potent as CGRP in relaxing precontracted pig bronchi in vitro. Both bronchial and pulmonary arteries were relaxed by VIP. NPY was colocalized with VIP in tracheal periglandular nerve fibres and in nerve fibres within the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer. NPY was also present in noradrenergic (DBH-positive) vascular nerve fibres. The content of NPY was much higher (15-fold) in the trachea compared to small bronchi. NPY caused a contraction of both pulmonary and bronchial arteries. The bronchial smooth muscle contraction to field stimulation in vitro was purely cholinergic. A noncholinergic relaxatory effect following field stimulation was observed after bronchial precontraction. Capsaicin had no effect on pig bronchi in vitro.
 ...
PMID:Innervation of lower airways and neuropeptide effects on bronchial and vascular tone in the pig. 169 4

Indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to investigate the distribution and extent of co-localization of chemical messengers in magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. In order to increase the number of neurons immunoreactive to the antisera used, experimental manipulations were employed. The homozygous Brattleboro (diabetes insipidus) rat was also investigated. In untreated rats, only vasopressin- and oxytocin-like immunoreactivities could be observed. Colchicine treatment alone resulted in appearance of galanin-, dynorphin-, cholecystokinin-, [Leu]enkephalin- and thyrotropin-releasing hormone-positive cells. In hypophysectomized rats, all these markers, except tyrosine hydroxylase, showed substantial further increases. In addition, peptide histidine-isoleucine-immunoreactive cell bodies could now be seen. After salt-loading alone, tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity was markedly increased, whereas vasopressin- and oxytocin-like immunoreactivity were very weak or undetectable. When salt-loaded rats received colchicine, corticotropin-releasing factor- and peptide histidine-isoleucine-like immunoreactivity in addition increased, whereas galanin- and dynorphin-like immunoreactivity markedly decreased. The Brattleboro rats resembled untreated rats, except their lack of vasopressin-like immunoreactivity, the marked increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity, and smaller increase in galanin- and dynorphin-like immunoreactivity. Addition of colchicine to Brattleboro rats resulted in some distinct further changes in that dynorphin-like immunoreactivity decreased in some neurons and that [Leu]enkephalin-, corticotropin-releasing factor- and peptide histidine-isoleucine-like immunoreactivity increased substantially. Several similarities could be observed between the salt-loaded and Brattleboro rats, with or without colchicine. However, a marked difference in immunoreactive [Leu]enkephalin levels was observed with no difference in dynorphin-like immunoreactivity, and opposite changes in galanin-like immunoreactivity. The results confirm the traditional view that hypothalamic magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei contain two separate cell populations, characterized by vasopressin and oxytocin, respectively, and that they contain additional messenger molecules in specific patterns. Vasopressin-containing neurons primarily express tyrosine hydroxylase, galanin, dynorphin, [Leu]enkephalin and peptide histidine-isoleucine, and to a minor extent cholecystokinin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Oxytocin-containing neurons mainly have cholecystokinin and corticotropin-releasing factor, and to a minor extent galanin, dynorphin, [Leu]enkephalin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Furthermore, our results detail individual co-existence situations among these putative messenger molecules. Thus, magnocellular neurons respond in a differential way to various stimuli and they store multiple bioactive substances in specific combinations.
 ...
PMID:Localization of chemical messengers in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei: an immunohistochemical study using experimental manipulations. 170 Oct 38

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity is present at low levels in the superior cervical ganglion of the adult rat, where immunostained neural processes, but only an occasional immunostained cell body, are found. However, when ganglia are maintained for 24 or 48 hr in organ culture, their content of VIP-like immunoreactivity increases 6- or 31-fold, respectively. When examined at 24 hr, the increase in VIP-like immunoreactivity is totally blocked by an inhibitor of RNA or protein synthesis. Many neuronal cell bodies and processes with immunoreactivity for VIP and the related peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI) are seen in cultured ganglia. In addition, VIP/PHI mRNA is abundant in cultured ganglia but only barely detectable in ganglia prior to culture. Under the same culture conditions, neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity increases to a small extent, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity and total ganglion protein remain unchanged. These results support the idea that adult sympathetic neurons exhibit plasticity in neuropeptide expression and that this plasticity, in the case of VIP, depends on changes in gene expression.
 ...
PMID:Phenotypic plasticity in adult sympathetic neurons: changes in neuropeptide expression in organ culture. 174 5

Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was employed to elucidate and compare the presence, distribution, and coexistence of various peptides, neuroendocrine markers and enzymes of the catecholamine pathway in nerves supplying lymphoid tissues in a variety of mammalian species. All lymphoid organs and tissues receive innervation by fibers containing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and/or tyrosine hydroxylase, neural markers like protein gene product 9.5, synaptophysin and neurofilament and a varied spectrum of peptides. The prominent peptides were tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine (VIP/PHI). Opioid innervation was variable. Double immunofluorescence revealed coexistence of tachykinins and CGRP and of tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY. A minor proportion of fibers showed coexistence of NPY and tachykinins and of VIP/PHI and tachykinins. The possible importance of the complex peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissues in inflammation, allergy, inflammatory pain and psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine network function is discussed. A special immunomodulatory role of the sensory neurons is suggested.
 ...
PMID:Molecular anatomy of the neuro-immune connection. 177 30


1 2 3 4 Next >>