Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An attempt was made to correlate the physiological or the dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-enhanced serum prolactin (PRL) surge, which occurs in the afternoon of proestrus in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, with physiological or pathological changes in two biochemical estimates of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neuron activity. Dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity were measured in the median eminence (ME) of control or DMBA-pretreated SD rats throughout the estrous cycle in relation to PRL secretion. In both groups of females, while the DA content was fairly constant, the DOPAC content and TH activity in the ME fluctuated markedly throughout the estrous cycle. Thus, in control animals, the DOPAC content, DOPAC/DA ratio and TH activity which were stable on the days of diestrus and morning of proestrus were markedly decreased at noon and early afternoon when serum PRL levels began to rise. Later in the afternoon of proestrus, when serum PRL levels were maximal, there was a marked but transient increase in the DOPAC content and DOPAC/DA ratio as well as a brief surge in TH activity. In the evening of the same day, when serum PRL returned to basal levels, the DOPAC content, DOPAC/DA ratio and TH activity were low. Finally on estrus morning, the DOPAC content, DOPAC/DA ratio and TH activity increased again to reach the diestrus levels. In DMBA-pretreated females, similar fluctuations in TIDA neuronal activity occurred during the estrous cycle, but the dynamics of these changes was altered: the DOPAC/DA ratio and TH activity first showed a marked increase in the morning of proestrus day, before decreasing dramatically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Changes in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuron activity during the rat estrous cycle in relation to the prolactin surge: alteration by a mammary carcinogen. 290 62

Dopamine (DA) was early demonstrated in the arcuate nucleus by means of the formaldehyde-induced histofluorescence method. In the present study we have investigated the distribution of cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus with antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and DA. The results indicate that TH-immunoreactive cells in the dorsomedial part of the arcuate nucleus also contain immunoreactivity for both AADC and DA. However, TH-positive cells in the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus lacked AADC- and DA-immunoreactivity with the sensitivity of the present methods. The findings raise the question whether the ventrolateral cells synthesize L-DOPA or DA as endproducts.
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PMID:Do tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus produce dopamine or only L-dopa? 290 21

Dopamine neurons from the ventral midbrain and olfactory bulb of fetal and postnatal African green monkeys were frozen, stored in liquid nitrogen for intervals of 4-28 days, thawed, and tested for viability and growth following intracerebral transplantation into 3 adult monkeys. Well developed tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons from all donors were seen in intracerebral transplants at 7-50 days after grafting. Freeze-stored neurons also were tested at various intervals by Trypan blue dye exclusion and development in tissue culture. More than 99% of the cryopreserved cells from both pre- and postnatal donors were viable by dye exclusion, and fetal tissue developed neuronal morphology in culture. This evidence further supports the fact that primate neurons survive intracerebral transplantation, even after cryopreservation and storage. The ability to store, transport and verify the transmitter phenotype of neurons offered by this approach is pertinent to possible therapeutic applications.
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PMID:Intracerebral grafting and culture of cryopreserved primate dopamine neurons. 343 33

Previous structure-activity and pharmacologic studies with duodenal ulcerogens cysteamine and propionitrile implicating catecholamines in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration have now been followed up by dose- and time-response biochemical investigations to assess the importance of monoamines in the development of duodenal ulcers. The concentrations of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites were measured in total brain, brain regions, stomach, duodenum, pancreas and adrenals in the rat. Turnover of catecholamines was determined in rats pretreated with the inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. The duodenal ulcerogens caused a dose- and time-dependent depletion of norepinephrine in virtually all the tissues examined. The effect was maximal 4 or 7 hr after cysteamine or propionitrile, and norepinephrine levels returned to normal in 24 hr. Dopamine changes were selective and often biphasic, e.g., elevation in adrenals, biphasic in brain cortex, hippocampus and midbrain, but uniformly decreasing in glandular stomach and duodenum. In the median eminence dopamine levels decreased by 181 and 324% at 15 and 30 min, respectively, after cysteamine, but neither dopamine nor 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was modified in the periventricular nucleus. Serotonin levels were relatively stable, revealing slight elevations or no changes in most of the tissues. The turnover of norepinephrine was accelerated by both chemicals in virtually all brain regions, but dopamine turnover was affected only in a few areas, e.g., in the corpus striatum and medulla oblongata cysteamine decreased dopamine turnover, whereas propionitrile first (at 1 hr) accelerated then (at 8 hr) significantly suppressed it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Biochemical changes in tissue catecholamines and serotonin in duodenal ulceration caused by cysteamine or propionitrile in the rat. 355 78

PC12 cells are spherical when cultured on plastic, but flatten and spread extensively when cultured on extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by bovine corneal endothelial cells. We previously demonstrated that cells which have spread on ECM release more dopamine and contain less intracellular dopamine than cells which are rounded on plastic cultureware. Glucocorticoids increase dopamine production in PC12 cells presumably via an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription. We questioned whether cell shape as determined by ECM would change the response of PC12 cells to glucocorticoids. Dopamine release and cell content were measured by a radioenzymatic assay in serum-free cultures of PC12 cells on ECM and plastic treated with various glucocorticoids in a dose-response fashion for 24 or 48 h. In addition, the response of cells on both substrata to one dose of dexamethasone was examined from 3-48 h. PC12 cells on ECM and plastic exhibited a dose-related increase in dopamine release and content when treated for 24 h with corticosterone or for 48 h with dexamethasone, corticosterone or cortisol. The ED50s for dexamethasone- and corticosterone-stimulated release and content were similar for cells on ECM and plastic as were the doses at which the first significant increases were detected. The average times at which the first significant increase in release and content occurred were also similar for cells on ECM and plastic. PC12 cells on ECM continue to release more dopamine and store less dopamine than cells on plastic with glucocorticoid treatment. However, glucocorticoid-treated cells on ECM showed a greater percent increase over ECM controls in the cell content of dopamine, whereas glucocorticoid-treated cells on plastic showed a greater percent increase over controls in the release of dopamine. It is hypothesized that glucocorticoids increase dopamine production to a similar extent in cells on ECM and plastic, but that storage is facilitated in cells on ECM.
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PMID:Glucocorticoid stimulation of dopamine production in PC12 cells on extracellular matrix and plastic. 356 53

Ascorbic acid enhancement of norepinephrine formation from tyrosine in cultured bovine chromaffin cells was characterized in detail as a model system for determining ascorbate requirements. In resting cells, ascorbic acid increased dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity without changing tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity. [14C]Norepinephrine specific activity was increased by ascorbic acid, while [14C]dopamine specific activity was unchanged. Dopamine content, dopamine biosynthesis, tyrosine content, and tyrosine uptake were also unaffected by ascorbic acid. Furthermore, increased norepinephrine formation could not be attributed to changes in norepinephrine catabolism. Enhancement of dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity was specific for ascorbic acid, since other reducing agents with higher redox potentials were unable to increase norepinephrine formation. The specific effect of ascorbic acid on enhancement of norepinephrine formation was also observed in chromaffin cells stimulated to secrete with carbachol, acetylcholine, veratridine, and potassium chloride. In stimulated cells with and without ascorbate, there were no differences in dopamine content, tyrosine uptake, dopamine specific activity, and norepinephrine catabolism. These data indicate that, under a wide variety of conditions, only one catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme activity, dopamine beta-monooxygenase, is specifically stimulated by ascorbic acid alone in cultured chromaffin cells. This model system exemplifies a new approach for determining ascorbic acid requirements in cells and animals.
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PMID:Ascorbic acid specifically enhances dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity in resting and stimulated chromaffin cells. 371 Oct 90

The functional role of dopamine in frog retina was examined in a combined neurochemical, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological study. Dopamine and serotonin are the primary monoamines present in the retina and they are localized to amacrine cells which have distinct morphologies. Intravitreal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine was found to produce a selective depletion of retinal dopamine content and elimination of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. Electroretinograms from 6-hydroxydopamine-treated retinas demonstrated enhanced oscillatory potentials and a lengthening of the b-wave implicit time compared to vehicle control retinas; both of these changes in the electroretinogram were reversed by the dopamine agonist apomorphine. These observations support earlier suggestions that dopamine-containing amacrine cells are part of a retinal feedback system that generates oscillatory potentials and plays a role in light adaptation.
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PMID:Modification of electroretinograms in dopamine-depleted retinas. 393 62

The activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were measured in the medial basal hypothalamus and remaining hyothalamic tissue of female rats at various times during diestrus 2, proestrus and estrus. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the medial basal hypothalamus was significantly lower at 12.00 h compared with other times on proestrus. This decrease preceded the elevation of serum prolactin and LH during the afternoon of proestrus. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity did not change significantly during diestrus 2 or estrus nor was it altered at any time in the remainder of the hypothalamus. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the basal medial hypothalamus was significantly elevated at 12.00 h on proestrus and at 14.00 h on diestrus. The results provide further evidence for a decrease in dopaminergic neuron activity in the medial basal hypothalamus which may precipitate the series of events leading to the LH surge during proestrus. The increase in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity suggests that an increase in noradrenergic neuron activity may also be involved in triggering the release of LH.
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PMID:Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes in the hypothalamus during the estrous cycle. 610 10

The role of neural activity in the long-term regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in peripheral adrenergic neurons had been studied by electrically stimulating the preganglionic nerves innervating the superior cervical ganglion. Tyrosin hydroxylase activity was elevated maximally 3 days after stimulation. The magnitude of the increase varied from 25 to 120% depending on the frequency and duration of the stimulation. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was also increased after preganglionic nerve stimulation, but there was no change in dopa decarboxylase activity or in the ganglion protein content. The increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity is paralleled by a comparable increase in the amount of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in the ganglia. This increase in enzyme activity could be prevented by pretreating animals with the ganglion-blocking drugs hexamethonium or chlorisondamine but was unaffected by administration of atropine or dihydroergotamine. Antidromic stimulation did not mimic the effects of orthodromic stimulation indicating that an increase in the firing rate of the neurons was not a sufficient condition for the long-term elevation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. These studies demonstrate that periods of increased synaptic stimulation can alter the protein composition of sympathetic neurons, increasing the specific activity of the key enzyme involved in their transmitter biosynthesis.
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PMID:The long-term regulation of ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase by preganglionic nerve activity. 610 63

Dopamine (DA) synthesis in rat striatum was increased three- to four-fold by in vivo treatment with gammabutyrolactone (GBL), reserpine, haloperidol and (-)sulpiride. DA synthesis in striatal synaptosomes (measured by formation of 14CO2 from labelled tyrosine) did not change after GBL and only doubled after reserpine and neuroleptic administration. The increase of synaptosomal DA synthesis was proportional to and probably due to kinetic activation of tyrosine hydroxylase which, after neuroleptic drugs, remained activated for at least 15 min in synaptosomal incubations at 37 degree C.
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PMID:Increase of dopamine synthesis in synaptosomes from rats treated with neuroleptics or reserpine. 612 60


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