Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence and co-localization of several presumed vasoactive neuropeptides, serotonin, and catecholamine-synthesising enzymes--tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)--were investigated in perivascular nerves supplying the systemic and distributing arteries of the abdomino-pelvic arterial tree of the female pig and certain arteries supplying female reproductive organs in the cow. As revealed by single immunofluorescence, perivascular axons immunoreactive for TH, D beta H, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and Leu-enkephalin (LENK) occurred in both species examined, whereas galanin-immunoreactive (GAL-IR) nerve fibres were found exclusively in the pig. PNMT-, serotonin-, dynorphin A-, alpha-neoendorphin-, bombesin- or cholecystokinin-IR nerve terminals were not observed. The following classes of perivascular nerve fibres might be distinguished in the present study: 1) noradrenergic (i.e. TH/D beta H-IR), 2) NPY-, 3) GAL- (pig only), 4) LENK-, 5) VIP-, 6) SP-, 7) VIP/NPY-, 8) SP/CGRP-, 9) SP/GAL- (pig only), 10) SP/VIP- (cow only), 11) TH/D beta H/NPY- and 12) TH/D beta H/NPY/LENK-IR. Distinct differences in the distribution of LENK- and SP-IR axons around particular parts of the studied arterial tree in individual species were also observed. The present data indicate that the abdomino-pelvic arterial tree of the pig and cow receive perivascular nerve fibres that exhibit diverse chemical codes, and that different chemical coding of perivascular nerve fibres in individual species may depend on the target organ of the particular artery.
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PMID:Existence and co-existence of vasoactive substances in nerve fibres supplying the abdomino-pelvic arterial tree of the female pig and cow. 852 81

Neurons in the human adrenal medulla, stained by the NADH-diaphorase reaction, were counted and their neurochemical markers were investigated by double labeling immunofluorescence with special reference to substance P. The findings indicate a significant participation of intramedullary nerve cell bodies in human adrenal innervation with 40.4 neurons/mm3 adrenal medulla. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons, which made up approximately 20% of all neurons, exhibited heterogeneity by co-localization of immunoreactivities for dynorphin, for cholecystokinin, and for neurofilament triplet. Substance-P-immunolabeled neurons were always nonreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, or for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis. These chemical phenotypes of intramedullary neurons reveal immunohistochemical similarities with postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic ganglia or with enteric neurons, suggesting a hitherto unrecognized functional significance of the intrinsic nervous system in the human adrenal gland.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical heterogeneity of nerve cells in the human adrenal gland with special reference to substance P. 860 96

We report the histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes in mice containing a chimeric glucagon-simian virus 40 T antigen (SV40Tag) gene. Transgene expression was detected in endocrine cells of pancreas, small and large intestine. Hyperplasia of glucagon-containing cells developed in pancreas and large bowel by gestational day 19. In large bowel, hyperplastic cells increased in number postnatally and invasive carcinomas were identified at 4 weeks; several animals had lymph node metastases. In contrast, no pathology was detected in the small bowel in any of the transgenic mice. Colonic tumours expressed SV40Tag, proglucagon-derived peptides and peptide YY (PYY); scattered cells contained cholecystokinin or glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit. Somatostatin or serotonin was also detected in some tumours. By electron microscopy, the colonic tumours retained features of endocrine differentiation, but secretory granules were smaller than those of non-tumorous intestinal glucagon-producing L cells. In postnatal pancreas, atypical cells containing SV40Tag and glucagon were initially clustered at the periphery of islets; this atypical hyperplasia progressed to neoplasia by 11-12 weeks. Some neoplastic pancreatic cells contained glucagon, PYY or vasoactive intestinal peptide immunopositivity, but most were negative for all peptides; they contained immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase and by electron microscopy, pancreatic tumour cells had neuronal features. Pancreatic polypeptide was not detected in the non-tumorous islets of transgenic animals. This line of transgenic mice provides a model for the analysis of endocrine tumour progression in the gut and pancreas.
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PMID:Development of colonic and pancreatic endocrine tumours in mice expressing a glucagon-SV40 T antigen transgene. 860 71

Rat periovarian adipose tissue contains unilocular adipocytes and some multilocular adipocytes that, following acclimation to cold, become more numerous and give rise to periovarian brown fat areas. We studied the occurrence and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, methionine enkephalin, neurotensin, galanin, and cholecystokinin 9-20 in the nerves of rat periovarian tissue maintained at 20 degrees C (control rats), acclimated at 4 degrees C (cold acclimated rats) and at 28 degrees C (warm-acclimated rats). In the periovarian tissue of control and warm-acclimated rats, tyrosine hydroxylase-like, neuropeptide Y-like, substance P-like and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive elements (putative nerves) were present in the blood vessels. In the periovarian tissue of cold-acclimated rats, we found: (1) a more widespread vascular distribution of these neuropeptides; (2) tyrosine hydroxylase-like and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive elements among paucilocular and multilocular adipocytes (parenchymal-like nerves); (3) vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive elements in some arteries. Investigation by EM showed the presence of heterogeneous non-myelinated axons both associated with capillaries and among paucilocular and multilocular adipocytes (parenchymal fibres) in periovarian brown fat areas. In conclusion, periovarian brown fat contains the same neuropeptides, with the same vascular and parenchymal distribution, already seen in typical depots of brown fat.
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PMID:Tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide in nerves of rat periovarian adipose tissue: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation. 869 94

Previous work has shown that the inbred Lewis and Fischer 344 rat strains differ in several behavioral measures related to mesolimbic dopamine function. Moreover, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the Lewis rat has been shown to contain higher levels of tyrosine hydroxylase compared to that of the Fischer rat by blot immunolabeling procedures. To investigate structural correlates of this biochemical difference, an immunohistochemical study of VTA dopaminergic neurons in these two strains was undertaken. Results show that the density and total number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the VT 4 of the Lewis rat is about 50% of that found in the Fischer rat. In contrast, examination of the substantia nigra in the same sections revealed no differences in the density and number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells between these strains. Fischer-Lewis strain differences were also evident for cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in the VTA, with much lower levels seen in the Lewis rat, consistent with the known colocalization of this neuropeptide in many VTA dopamine neurons. The finding of 50% fewer tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the VTA of the Lewis rat, along with our earlier results showing 45% higher levels of tyrosine hydroxylase by blot immunolabeling, would suggest much higher levels of tyrosine hydroxylase per VTA neuron in this strain. However, no obvious strain difference in the cellular intensity of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity could be detected by immunohistochemistry. Finally, the density of VTA dopamine neurons was assessed in 1-week-old Fischer and Lewis rats. In contrast to the results obtained for adult animals, no difference in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons was apparent in these young animals, indicating that the Fischer-Lewis strain difference in VTA dopamine neurons appears later in postnatal development. These anatomical findings shed new light on the differences in the mesolimbic dopamine system between Fischer and Lewis rats that may contribute to the behavioral differences exhibited by these animals.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons in Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. 872 Apr 86

Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is an abundant, phylogentically conserved, cytoplasmic protein of unknown function expressed almost exclusively in mature olfactory sensory neurons. To address its function, we generated OMP-deficient mice by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. We report that these OMP-null mice are compromised in their ability to respond to odor stimull, providing insight to OMP function. The maximal electroolfactogram response of the olfactory neuroepithelium to several odorants was 20-40% smaller in the mutants compared with controls. In addition, the onset and recovery kinetics following isoamyl acetate stimulation are prolonged in the null mice. Furthermore, the ability of the mutants to respond to the second odor pulse of a pair is impaired, over a range of concentrations, compared with controls. These results imply that neural activity directed toward the olfactory bulb is also reduced. The bulbar phenotype observed in the OMP-null mouse is consistent with this hypothesis. Bulbar activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis, and content of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin are reduced by 65% and 50%, respectively. This similarity to postsynaptic changes in gene expression induced by peripheral olfactory deafferentation or naris blockade confirms that functional neural activity is reduced in both the olfactory neuroepithelium and the olfactory nerve projection to the bulb in the OMP-null mouse. These observations provide strong support for the conclusion that OMP is a novel modulatory component of the odor detection/signal transduction cascade.
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PMID:Olfactory marker protein (OMP) gene deletion causes altered physiological activity of olfactory sensory neurons. 879 Apr 21

The cat pancreas has a complex neural supply comprising adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic innervations. To elucidate the localization of neuropeptides and enzymes in neural elements of the cat pancreatic islets, single or double immunohistochemical staining was performed using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and/or peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. In intrapancreatic ganglia, numerous galanin (Gal)- or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive (IR) ganglion cells were seen. Many nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- or cholecystokinin (CCK). IR and a few bombesin (Bom)- or substance-P (SR)-IR ganglion cells were also observed. Intrapancreatic ganglion cells were surrounded by numerous VIP- or SP-IR, many Bom- or neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR, several calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- or peptide histidine isoleucine IR and a few NOS- or CCK-IR nerve terminals. In pancreatic islets, many VIP-IR nerve terminals were located predominantly around insulin (Ins)-IR cell masses and many tyrosine hydroxylase-IR nerve terminals were demonstrated in the core of Ins-IR cell masses as well as around them. Gal-, NPY-, SP- or CGRP-IR nerve terminals were found much more frequently within Ins-immunonegative cell areas than in Ins-IR cell masses. These observations may provide a morphological basis for the possible transmitting or modulating role of neuropeptides in pancreatic islets of the cat.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies of neural elements in pancreatic islets of the cat. 884

Systemic administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates neurosecretory oxytocin (OT) and tuberoinfundibular corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) cells of the hypothalamus. Data from previous studies suggest that A2 noradrengeric neurons of the dorsomedial medulla contribute to the OT cell response, but the role of other medullary catecholamine cells remains unclear. Using c-fos expression as a marker for cellular activity, we have found that CCK (100 micrograms/kg, i.p.) activates substantial populations of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenyl-N-methyl-transferase immunoreactive cells in the medulla, consistent with recruitment of overlapped noradrenergic and adrenergic cell populations in both the ventrolateral and dorsomedial medulla. In the ventrolateral medulla there was a particularly prominent activation of C1 adrenergic neurons at the level of the obex. To directly test the contribution of VLM catecholamine cells to hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell responses to CCK, animals were prepared with unilateral VLM lesions corresponding to those areas that had displayed the most marked response to CCK. VLM lesioned animals treated with CCK displayed a significant although small reduction in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) OT cell c-fos expression ipsilateral to the lesion, but no change in the responses of supraoptic nucleus OT cells or in cells of the medial parvocellular PVN, many of which are CRF cells. These findings indicate that VLM catecholamine cells make little contribution to hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell responses to CCK and thus serve to further highlight the role of dorsomedial catecholamine cells. However, it is now apparent that, in addition to A2 noradrenergic cells, CCK treatment also recruits C2 adrenergic cells of the dorsomedial medulla, many of which have previously been shown to project to the PVN.
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PMID:Involvement of medullary catecholamine cells in neuroendocrine responses to systemic cholecystokinin. 893 58

The identification of adrenaline- (A) and noradrenaline- (NA) containing cells in the adrenal medulla of the chicken and colocalization of serotonin and neuropeptides with A or NA in medullary cells were investigated with the use of immunohistochemical methods. Antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase were used as markers for catecholamine- and A-synthesizing cells, respectively. About 70% of catecholamine-synthesizing cells also exhibited immunoreactivity for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase antiserum. Therefore, these cells are A-containing ones and the rest of cells seem to be NA-containing cells. Immunoreactivity with serotonin antiserum was observed in almost all medullary cells. Galanin-immunoreactivity was also found throughout the adrenal medulla, but was stronger in A-containing cells than in NA-containing ones. Cholecystokinin-immunoreactivity was restricted to A-containing cells. Methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactivity was seen in both A- and NA-containing cells, but in about half of medullary cells. From these results, it is suggested that serotonin, galanin, cholecystokinin, and methionine-enkephalin may be co-released with A and/or NA from adrenal medullary cells of the chicken.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of serotonin, galanin, cholecystokinin, and methionine-enkephalin in adrenal medullary cells of the chicken. 914 42

Systemic administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) slows gastric emptying, inhibits feeding, and stimulates pituitary hormone release in rats and primates. To characterize the central neural circuits that mediate these effects in primates, the present study analyzes the distribution and chemical phenotypes of caudal medullary neurons that are activated in rhesus and cynomolgus macaque monkeys after CCK treatment. Monkeys were injected intravenously with CCK (3 or 15 micrograms/kg b.wt) or vehicle solution (0.15 M NaCl), then were anesthetized and perfused with fixative 75 min later. Coronal tissue sections through the caudal medulla were processed for immunocytochemical localization of the immediate-early gene product Fos as a marker of stimulus-induced neuronal activation, and were double-labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase to identify catecholaminergic cells. Many neurons in the area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and ventrolateral medulla were activated to express Fos in monkeys after CCK treatment, similar to previous reports in rats. Treatment-activated neurons included substantial proportions of the A1/C1 and A2/C2 catecholaminergic cell groups, whereas neurons in the locus coeruleus (A6 cell group) were not activated. These results indicate that the autonomic, behavioral, and neuroendocrine effects produced by systemic administration of CCK involve hindbrain neural systems whose anatomical and chemical features are comparable in rats and primates.
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PMID:Cholecystokinin induces Fos expression in catecholaminergic neurons of the macaque monkey caudal medulla. 937


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