Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the present immunohistochemical study the occurrence and distribution of CCK-immunoreactive neurons were analyzed in the brain, spinal cord and sensory ganglia using sequence specific antisera. Thus, antibodies directed towards the C-terminal portion of CCK-33, to the N-terminal portion of CCK-8 and to the mid portion of CCK-33 as well as monoclonal antibodies were used. For comparison antisera raised against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were used. Untreated, colchicine treated, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) treated and ibotenic acid treated rats were analyzed. The results indicate that most CCK systems in the rat central nervous system contain genuine CCK. These include, for example, the hippocampal formation, the hypothalamus, several subcortical forebrain areas, the ventral mesencephalon, nucleus tractus solitarii, some neurons in the ventral medulla oblongata as well as local and possibly descending neurons in the spinal cord. An exception was primary sensory neurons in which CCK-like immunoreactivity (LI) could only be demonstrated with C-terminally directed antisera and probably represents cross-reactivity with CGRP or a similar peptide. The central branches of such primary afferents were found both in the dorsal vagal complex, in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Special attention was focused on CCK-LI in mesencephalic dopamine neurons and in their projection areas including nucleus accumbens, tuberculum olfactorium and particularly the caudate nucleus. In the latter structure CCK-LI exhibited a heterogenous pattern probably representing fibres of different types and origin. Thus, CCK-LI coexists with dopamine in two anatomically and morphologically distinguishable systems, one located in the periventricular area, increasing in size in the caudal direction to occupy most of the cauda, and a second system consisting of very fine dots in the medial half of the caudate nucleus. These two fibre types disappeared after 6-OH-DA treatment. A third system consisted of strongly fluorescent patches distributed at all levels of the caudate nucleus, mainly in its medial half. A diffuse, weakly fluorescent network of CCK-positive fibres was also found over the entire caudate nucleus. The latter two systems did not disappear after 6-OH-DA. Finally, local CCK-positive cell bodies were seen in small numbers, mainly in the ventral aspects of the caudate nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies on cholecystokinin (CCK)-immunoreactive neurons in the rat using sequence specific antisera and with special reference to the caudate nucleus and primary sensory neurons. 307 12

The various subpopulations of autonomic and sensory nerves supplying the mammalian cardiovascular system may be demonstrated using specific immunocytochemical and histochemical techniques, but no single marker has previously been available for the visualisation of the entire innervation. Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was first identified in extracts of human brain and found to represent a major protein component of the neuronal cytoplasm. We have demonstrated that PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity occurs in the guinea pig cardiovascular innervation and is present in more individual nerve fibres than other general neuronal markers (neuron-specific enolase and neurofilaments). PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity was localized to both intrinsic neurones and nerve fibres in the guinea pig heart. In the vascular system PGP 9.5-immunoreactivity occurred in an extensive plexus of fine perivascular nerve fibres and fascicles running around and along both arteries and veins, mainly at the adventitial-medial border. At the ultrastructural level, this immunoreactive material was localized to the axonal cytoplasm and did not appear to be associated with cytoskeletal elements or secretory vesicles. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pretreatment resulted in the degeneration of noradrenergic axon terminals containing PGP 9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) immunoreactivities. Most of the perivascular nerve fibres which remained displayed substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity, as well as PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity. Capsaicin pretreatment resulted in a depletion of both substance P and CGRP immunoreactivity, but had no apparent effect on PGP 9.5 immunostaining. In the heart PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity also appeared to be present in presumed postganglionic cholinergic nerves. PGP 9.5 may be a useful marker when examining regional variations in cardiovascular innervation and for determining the relative proportions of nerve subpopulations.
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PMID:The visualisation of cardiovascular innervation in the guinea pig using an antiserum to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). 310 56

A 65-year-old woman presenting with back pain, difficulties in walking and watery diarrhea. A right adrenal tumor and high excretion of catecholamines were found. Laboratory examinations showed raised levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin and calcitonin. Histology showed a combined pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma. The neoplastic cell population was immunohistochemically shown to contain tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, met-enkephalin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Postoperatively, the patient recovered fully and the hormone levels returned to normal.
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PMID:Adrenal pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma producing catecholamines and various neuropeptides. 318 92

Gene deletion of neurotrophin-3 (NT3) results in severe sensory and sympathetic deficits that are incompatible with postnatal life in mice. We have now addressed the question of whether NT3 plays a role in the postnatal animal. An antiserum specific for NT3 and capable of blocking the survival effect of the factor in vitro has been generated and given to neonatal rats. Antiserum administration during either or both of the first 2 postnatal weeks resulted in a 54-74% reduction in the size of the superior cervical ganglia, reflecting a loss of as many as 80% of all neurons, with a predominant effect on the neuropeptide Y containing subpopulation. The immunoreactivities of NPY, tyrosine hydroxylase, and p75 low affinity NGF receptor in nerve terminals within the mesenteric artery were also reduced, whereas that of the sensory neuron neuropeptide, calcitonin gene related peptide was less affected. These results demonstrate that the majority of sympathetic neurons of the neonatal rat are dependent on endogenous NT3 for their survival at a time when they are also dependent on another survival factor, NGF, thus apparently providing a clear example of a population of neurons requiring for their survival the simultaneous supply of more than one trophic factor.
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PMID:Sympathetic neurons in neonatal rats require endogenous neurotrophin-3 for survival. 747 14

Nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity was found in a subpopulation of sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the cat stellate and lower lumbar ganglia. In the ganglia of other segments such cells were rare. Double staining for tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity or the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reaction indicated that nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reactivity was always co-localized and was confined to tyrosine hydroxylase-negative (presumably cholinergic) ganglion cells, and was present in most of them. The occurrence of nitric oxide synthase in two subpopulations of cholinergic postganglionic neurons was investigated in triple staining experiments. Presumptive sudomotor neurons have been previously defined as scattered cells containing calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity, usually accompanied by vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity: 99% of these contained nitric oxide synthase. Presumptive muscle vasodilator neurons have been previously identified as clumped cells with strong vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity but no calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity: 70% of these contained nitric oxide synthase. Sweat glands were found in the paw pad skin surrounded by varicose fibres showing calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity, confirming previous work. Such fibres also stained for nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase reactivity, although their staining was relatively weaker than in the corresponding cell bodies. Varicose fibres with the same chemical coding were also found around all large and most medium and small arteries in the paw skin as well as around arteriovenous anastomoses. Fibres with the muscle vasodilator coding (vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity without calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity) were not seen in paw skin. These results suggest that nitric oxide may act as a co-transmitter (with acetylcholine, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide) in sudomotor neurons and (with acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide) in vasodilator neurons. Collateral branches of sudomotor neurons may innervate skin vessels, and release vasodilator transmitters including nitric oxide to cause the vasodilatation which provides the fluid supply for sweat formation. Alternatively, separate vasodilator neurons to skin may share the same chemical code as sudomotor neurons.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase and chemical coding in cat sympathetic postganglionic neurons. 747 30

To investigate the effect of chronic sympathectomy on the innervation of a tissue with an extensive intrinsic component, 1-week-old rat pups were treated with 50 mg/kg guanethidine for 3 weeks, a treatment shown to produce complete and long-lasting sympathectomy, and the ileum examined. Changes in the levels of noradrenaline, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the external muscle layers containing the myenteric plexus of the ileum were determined between 6 and 20 weeks of age. After sympathectomy, noradrenaline levels were initially depleted (3% of age-matched controls at 6 weeks, P < 0.001, and 18% of age-matched controls at 12 weeks, P < 0.001), but were not significantly reduced at 20 weeks (67% of age-matched controls). Such increases in noradrenaline content with time after sympathectomy did not occur in the mesenteric vein (levels in 20-week-old sympathectomized rats were 2% of the control values (P < 0.001). In the myenteric plexus, catecholamine fluorescent nerve fibers were seen in the 12-week-old sympathectomized rats, although tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity was absent. Guanethidine sympathectomy had no effect on the neuropeptide levels in 6-week-old rat ileum but there was a selective increase at 20 weeks; the levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P were increased (X3, P < 0.001 and X1.6, P < 0.05, respectively) while vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y levels were unchanged. Short-term sympathectomy (destruction of sympathetic nerve terminals by acute 6-hydroxydopamine treatment) had no affect on noradrenaline or peptide levels in this tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Plasticity in the myenteric plexus of the rat ileum after long-term sympathectomy. 748 9

Following treatment of adult rats with nerve growth factor (0.5 mg/rat, three times a week for 3 weeks), the innervation of cardiovascular and urinogenital tract smooth muscle was investigated using immunoassay and immunohistochemical techniques. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide levels were increased in the vas deferens, but not in the atria or femoral artery. Neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels were unchanged. In penile tissues, there was a marked increase in the density of substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves innervating the urethra and in SP-containing nerves in the tunica with little changes in the innervation of the deep dorsal vein and artery and corpus cavernosum. In the bladder, there was increased innervation of the detrusor by neuropeptide Y- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves, but a decrease in innervation by substance P-containing nerves in the trigone. There were no changes in the density of innervation of the femoral artery after nerve growth factor treatment. Thus, in the mature rat, sensory and sympathetic nerve innervating urinogenital tract smooth muscle appear to be more responsive to exogenous nerve growth factor than those innervating cardiovascular smooth muscle. This may reflect an ongoing requirement of plasticity of innervation in the urinogenital tract of the sexually mature animal.
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PMID:Nerve growth factor treatment of adult rats selectively enhances innervation of urinogenital tract rather than vascular smooth muscle. 748 10

The inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle plays an important role at the pharyngeal phase of deglutition and is anatomically composed of the thyropharyngeal muscle and cricopharyngeal muscle. In this study we investigated the distribution pattern of neuropeptidergic and catecholaminergic nerve fibers in the thyropharyngeal muscle and cricopharyngeal muscle of seven puppies by immunohistochemistry. Some of the calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers were found to lie parallel to the muscle fibers in both the thyropharyngeal muscle and cricopharyngeal muscle. Nerve fibers with immunoreactivity to all substances examined were found to be associated with blood vessels in both the thyropharyngeal muscle and cricopharyngeal muscle, and the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, and tyrosine hydroxylase nerve fibers was higher than the number of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and galanin nerve fibers. Motor end plate-like structures with calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity were found in both the thyropharyngeal muscle and cricopharyngeal muscle. These structures in the cricopharyngeal muscle were clearly less than those in the thyropharyngeal muscle. Some clusters of neurons were detected only in the cricopharyngeal muscle of all dogs examined. Substance P-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, galanin-, and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons were found in this ganglion, and the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons were the most abundant. Abundant calcitonin gene-related peptide- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers, and some substance P- and galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in the ganglion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters for the canine inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. 750 88

The aim of the present investigation was to study the developing peptidergic innervation of the human fetal heart of 7-24 wk gestational age. An immunohistochemical approach was adopted and the total innervation visualised with antisera to general neuronal and Schwann cell markers, while the onset and development of specific neuropeptide-containing subpopulations were investigated using antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Cardiac ganglia and nerves were demonstrated from 7 wk of gestation whereas peptide-immunoreactive nerves were not observed until the 10th week of gestation. NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibres constituted the major subpopulation of peptide-containing nerves identified in the fetal heart, exhibiting a descending atrial to ventricular density gradient, and were first identified during the 10th wk of gestation. Somatostatin- and VIP-immunoreactive nerves appeared at 10-12 wk of gestation and were mainly distributed in the atria. Somatostatin immunoreactivity was localised to cell bodies in cardiac ganglia, as well as to nerve fibres, indicating an intrinsic origin for this nerve subpopulation. Conversely, the other peptide-containing nerves appear to be of extrinsic origin, including those immunoreactive for VIP. Intracardiac neurons exhibit a transient expression of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Putative sympathetic nerve fibres, displaying tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY immunoreactivity, were demonstrated before the adrenergic innervation has previously been shown to be present by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence staining of catecholamines. The onset of the CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive innervation, at 18-24 wk of gestation, followed the appearance of other peptide-containing nerves, suggesting that the sensory, afferent innervation occurs later than the autonomic. The differential appearance and distribution of peptide-containing nerve subpopulations indicate that there is a chronological order to the development of the autonomic and sensory components of human cardiac innervation.
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PMID:Development of the peptidergic innervation of human heart. 750 78

The presence of sensory and autonomic nerves in the synovial membrane of the lumbar facet joint in rats was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivities, representing sensory nerves, were observed as varicose fibers in the synoviocyte layer. The fibers were predominantly nonvascular. The autonomic innervation was identified by the presence of neuropeptide Y- and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers. Most of these fibers were found adjacent to or within blood vessel walls. Immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was seen in varicose nerve terminals in the synoviocyte layer, mostly unrelated to blood vessels. There is accumulating evidence of an involvement of both the sensory and sympathetic nervous systems in inflammatory joint disease. The neuropeptides now identified in lumbar facet joints may prove to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of low-back pain.
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PMID:Sensory and autonomic innervation of the facet joint in the rat lumbar spine. 750 53


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