Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The innervation of normal and rheumatoid human synovium was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. Antibodies against the general neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and specific neuropeptides were used. We observed sensory nerves containing substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) as well as autonomic sympathetic fibers immunoreactive for neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), its C terminal peptide (C-PON) and the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Three subpopulations of nerve fibers labelled with SP and CGRP were identified: some stained for SP or CGRP only and others contained both peptides. NPY/C-PON and TH labelled predominantly perivascular nerves. Quantification of immunostained nerves revealed a significantly decreased innervation of rheumatoid synovia. The densities of both PGP 9.5 and neuropeptide containing nerves were lower in all rheumatoid samples. Our results are compatible with a local release of neuropeptides into joint fluid and point to a disturbed neuronal control of rheumatoid synovial tissue.
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PMID:Peptide containing nerves in human synovium: immunohistochemical evidence for decreased innervation in rheumatoid arthritis. 170 60

The ultimobranchial gland is an endocrine organ consisting of C cell groups. In chickens, the glands are richly supplied by nerve fibers immunoreactive for neurofilaments. It was found by immunocytochemical staining that C cells of chick ultimobranchial glands showed immunoreactivities for multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in addition to calcitonin, i.e., calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin, neurotensin, chromogranin A, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Furthermore, enkephalin-immunoreactive cells that showed long cytoplasmic processes and large cell bodies, being distinct from the C cell feature, were detected. The densities of these cells per unit area of ultimobranchial gland were assessed using computer-assisted image analysis system; calcitonin cells were 42.9 +/- 10.0%; CGRP cells 26.9 +/- 5.6%; neurotensin cells 8.6 +/- 6.9%; somatostatin cells 3.1 +/- 1.4%; chromogranin A cells 11.8 +/- 1.8%; tyrosine hydroxylase cells 10.0 +/- 5.2%; enkephalin cells 2.9 +/- 1.3%. Dense distributions of peptidergic nerve fibers were also detected in chick ultimobranchial glands. Numerous varicose fibers immunoreactive for substance P were distributed in the close vicinity to C cell clusters and blood vessels. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were also prominent around C cell clusters. Galanin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were distributed around blood vessels only. Subsequently, the ontogeny of these neuropeptides, neuroendocrine proteins, and peptidergic innervations was examined in chickens at various developmental stages. In 10-day-old embryos, weak to moderately intense immunoreactivity for calcitonin was already present in almost all C cells. Immunoreactivities for somatostatin, CGRP, and tyrosine hydroxylase began to appear at this age. At 12 days of incubation, substance P-immunoreactive fibers were first detected in the parenchyma of ultimobranchial glands. Considerable numbers of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and cells were also observed. At 14 days of incubation, the largest populations of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were attained; the densities of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells per unit area were 21.2 +/- 3.2% and 12.9 +/- 3.1%, respectively. Substance P-immunoreactive fibers became numerous throughout the gland at this age. Thereafter, calcitonin-, CGRP-, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells progressively increased in number with embryonic age, whereas somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells started to decrease. Chromogranin A- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells began to appear at 16 days and 18 days of incubation, respectively. Galanin-, VIP-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were inconspicuous during embryonic life.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization and development of multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in the chick ultimobranchial gland. 170 88

The ganglionated plexus of the guinea pig pancreas was investigated by using histochemical, immunocytochemical, and tract-tracing methods in order to determine whether pancreatic ganglia are analogous to the ganglia of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Three lines of evidence suggest that the ganglia of the pancreas appear to be interconnected with one another, as are enteric ganglia. First, microinjections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into individual pancreatic ganglia labeled the perikarya of neurons in distant pancreatic ganglia, whereas no labeling of neurons was observed if injections were placed in the connective tissue adjacent to pancreatic ganglia. Second, when the intercalating dye DiI was microinjected into single pancreatic ganglia in fixed tissues, DiI-labeled terminals were found in additional pancreatic ganglia. Finally, microinjections of the beta subunit of cholera toxin into individual pancreatic ganglia yielded similar results. The ganglionated plexus of the pancreas also expresses a diversity of transmitter content and cell type-specific localization of monoamine oxidase (MAO) that is analogous to the ENS. In common with guinea pig enteric ganglia, pancreatic ganglia contain highly varicose 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive axons and intrinsic neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and substance P (SP)-immunoreactive neurons. The vast majority, but not all, of SP-immunoreactive fibers in the pancreatic parenchyma also contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. MAO-B was the primary type of MAO found in the intrinsic elements of the pancreas where it was located in neurons and fibers in the pancreatic parenchyma. In common with serotoninergic enteric neurons, MAO-B immunoreactivity was not found at the LM level in pancreatic serotoninergic neurites. In contrast, NPY- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive perivascular axons were found to contain abundant MAO-A, but no MAO-B immunoreactivity. It is concluded that MAO-B immunoreactivity is characteristic of a portion of the intrinsic innervation of the pancreas, whereas MAO-A immunoreactivity is a marker for the extrinsic sympathetic innervation of the pancreas. Because of its receipt of a direct neural innervation from myenteric ganglia of the bowel (Kirchgessner and Gershon, '90: J. Neurosci 10:1626-1642), similar connections, transmitter content and localization of type-specific MAO, the ganglionated plexus of the pancreas should be regarded as an extension or subset of the ENS.
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PMID:Guinea pig pancreatic ganglia: projections, transmitter content, and the type-specific localization of monoamine oxidase. 171 Jun 27

The cutaneous nerves of rat, cat, guinea pig, pig, and man were studied by immunocytochemistry to compare the staining potency of general neural markers and to investigate the density of nerves containing peptides. Antiserum to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) stained more nerves than antisera to neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and synaptophysin or histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Peptidergic axons showed species variation in density of distribution and were most abundant in pig and fewest in man. However, the specific peptides in nerves innervating the various structures were consistent between species. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and/or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) predominated in all the species; those immunoreactive to tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A [NKA]) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) were less abundant. Neonatal capsaicin, at the doses employed in this study, destroyed approximately 70% of CGRP- and tachykinin-immunoreactive sensory axons; whereas 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at the doses employed resulted in a complete loss of NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity without affecting VIP, CGRP, and tachykinins. Thus, this study confirms that antiserum to PGP 9.5 is the most suitable and practical marker for the demonstration of cutaneous nerves. Species differences exist in the density of peptidergic innervation, but apparently not for specific peptides. Not all sensory axons immunoreactive for CGRP and substance P/NKA are capsaicin-sensitive. However, all sympathetic TH- and NPY-immunoreactive axons are totally responsive to 6-OHDA; but no change was seen in VIP-immunoreactive axons, suggesting some demarcation of cutaneous adrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic fibers.
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PMID:An immunocytochemical study of cutaneous innervation and the distribution of neuropeptides and protein gene product 9.5 in man and commonly employed laboratory animals. 171 91

Immunoreactivity for the calcium binding protein, calretinin (calretinin-ir), was demonstrated in cell bodies of vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory ganglia (jugular, petrosal, and nodose ganglia) and in associated nerve fibers. In the jugular and petrosal ganglia, many calretinin-ir neurons were also immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. In the nodose ganglion, most of the calretinin-ir neurons lacked these peptides. None of the calretinin-ir neurons in these ganglia were also immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase.
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PMID:Calretinin-immunoreactivity in vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons of the rat: distribution and coexistence with putative transmitter agents. 172 Sep 97

Pieces of hairy skin tissue of fetal rat were transplanted into the anterior eye chamber of adult rats. The ability of autonomic and sensory nerve fibers from the host iris to innervate the grafted skin tissue was immunohistochemically and enzyme-histochemically examined using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and a reaction medium for acetylcholinesterase (AchE). The grafted tissue was successfully implanted and connected with the host iris. Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, hairs, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and piloerector muscles developed in the graft. Two weeks after transplantation, TH-, SP-, and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were observed in association with the blood vessels in the graft. Four weeks after transplantation, TH-immunoreactive fibers were distributed in the piloerector muscles, whereas SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were present around the hair follicles. VIP-immunoreactive and AchE-positive fibers were restricted to the host iris at all survival times. These results suggest that the outgrowth of autonomic and sensory nerve fibers from the host iris show target specificity for the grafted skin tissue.
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PMID:Target-specific innervation by autonomic and sensory nerve fibers in hairy fetal skin transplanted into the anterior eye chamber of adult rat. 172 32

A method for demineralization of bone, preserving the antigenicity of neuroactive peptides, was developed. In all parts of rat long bones, nerves immunoreactive to substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were detected after immunohistochemical staining. The majority of nerves were vascular, although several non-vascular endings were observed at the growth plate and amidst marrow cells. An abundance of nerves were demonstrated near the epiphyseal plate and in the periosteum, regions of high osteogenic activity. The occurrence of different nerve types was analyzed at different stages of heterotopic osteogenesis, induced by allogeneic bone matrix. Nerve fibres immunoreactive to SP, CGRP, NPY and TH occurred amidst differentiating chondroblastic cells in the second week. They gradually increased in number during the ensuing eight weeks. In an in vitro study of osteoblastic cells (UMR 106-01, ROS 17/2.8, Saos-2, MC3T3-E1) receptors to CGRP, VIP, noradrenaline (NA) and NPY were demonstrated as assessed by analysis of cyclic AMP formation. In UMR cells, NPY inhibited the effects of NA and parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is the first demonstration of a receptor interaction between a local neuropeptide and a systemic calcium regulating hormone. The combined findings indicate a neuroendocrine influence on bone physiology.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine peptides in bone. 172 76

Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was employed to elucidate and compare the presence, distribution, and coexistence of various peptides, neuroendocrine markers and enzymes of the catecholamine pathway in nerves supplying lymphoid tissues in a variety of mammalian species. All lymphoid organs and tissues receive innervation by fibers containing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and/or tyrosine hydroxylase, neural markers like protein gene product 9.5, synaptophysin and neurofilament and a varied spectrum of peptides. The prominent peptides were tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine (VIP/PHI). Opioid innervation was variable. Double immunofluorescence revealed coexistence of tachykinins and CGRP and of tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY. A minor proportion of fibers showed coexistence of NPY and tachykinins and of VIP/PHI and tachykinins. The possible importance of the complex peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissues in inflammation, allergy, inflammatory pain and psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine network function is discussed. A special immunomodulatory role of the sensory neurons is suggested.
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PMID:Molecular anatomy of the neuro-immune connection. 177 30

These experiments were undertaken to define the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the recovery of ovarian function after transplantation to an ectopic site. Both ovaries from 23-day-old rats were transplanted to the region of the neck, next to the jugular vein. Serum gonadotropin and plasma immunoreactive inhibin-alpha levels were determined at several intervals thereafter. Serum estradiol (E2) was measured during the first week posttransplantation. Reinnervation of the ovary by sympathetic and sensory nerves was monitored by immunohistochemistry. Sympathetic nerves were identified as adrenergic by the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, and as peptidergic, by their neuropeptide-Y (NPY) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity. Sensory nerves were identified by the presence of substance P (SP) and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. Serum LH and FSH increased, and plasma inhibin levels decreased, within 48 h after transplantation. Serum LH reached maximum levels on day 4, decreasing rapidly thereafter to basal values by day 6. These changes were functionally correlated with the posttransplantation fluctuations in serum E2, which decreased at 48 h, rebounded by day 4, and returned to basal values on day 7. Removal of the transplanted ovaries on day 3 resulted in the disappearance of serum E2 levels on day 4, thus confirming the ovarian graft as the source of E2. In contrast to LH, serum FSH remained significantly elevated for at least 3 weeks after transplantation, then decreased to basal levels after day 21, coinciding with the rise in inhibin secretion. Although a substantial loss of follicles was noted 48 h after transplantation, quantitative examination of the changes on day 4 revealed that approximately 40% of antral follicles were not necrotic. Ovulation and formation of corpora lutea were noted 21 days after transplantation. Reinnervation of the transplanted ovary by TH-, VIP-, NPY-, SP-, and CGRP-containing fibers was first detected 7 days after transplantation. Although VIP reinnervation was sparse and only transiently detected (days 7-21), the density of sympathetic (TH, NPY) and sensory (SP, CGRP) fibers increased 2- to 3-fold between days 7-28, remaining unchanged thereafter. Since apparent completion of this reinnervation coincided with reestablishment of normal levels of both LH and FSH, an additional experiment was performed to determine if the two events were causally related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Functional recovery of the developing rat ovary after transplantation: contribution of the extrinsic innervation. 191 72

The distribution and morphology of neurons containing the dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, DARPP-32, were investigated in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). DARPP-32 immunoreactive neurons are numerous in both regions, but are restricted to the lateral dorsal and the lateral juxtacapsular subdivisions of the BST, and the central lateral and lateral capsular subdivisions of the CeA. Immunoreactive neurons in the lateral dorsal BST, and the central lateral and lateral capsular CeA are similar morphologically, while those in the juxtacapsular BST appear to be a subpopulation of striatal medium-sized spiny neurons. The distribution of DARPP-32 immunoreactive neurons in the BST and CeA overlaps considerably with axonal plexuses containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These studies provide further evidence of the close relationship between the CeA and BST, and also provide anatomical evidence for possible interactions between neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and phosphoproteins.
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PMID:Localization of DARPP-32 immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala: co-distribution with axons containing tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. 197 Dec 24


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