Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the viability, growth characteristics and neuropeptide expression of intraocular superior cervical ganglia (SCG) grafts from neonatal (1-3 d), mature (4-5 months) and aged (20-24 months) rats. In vivo measurements, Falck-Hillarp histochemistry using iris whole mounts to assess catecholamine fiber outgrowth and immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-), neuropeptide Y (NPY-), leu-enkephalin (ENK-) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-) like immunoreactivity (LI) were used. Measurements indicated a marked decrease in volume during the first week after grafting and a more gradual decrease thereafter. This was most evident in newborn SCG. With prolonged survival time, the newborn ganglia demonstrated more varicose nerve terminals and increased catecholamine fiber outgrowth and arborization. Extensive and complex outgrowth of catecholamine fibers with varicose nerve terminals occurred more rapidly with mature and aged ganglia. In situ, all ganglion cell bodies and fibers demonstrated TH-LI. Localization of TH-LI after grafting indicated an increase in fiber density and a decrease in cell body density of 65%, 40% and 40% in newborn, mature and aged ganglia respectively. NPY-LI in cell bodies had a perinuclear fluorescence pattern consistent with localization in the Golgi apparatus. Grafting of newborn, mature and aged SCG resulted in a 20%, 20% and 35% decrease respectively of cell bodies containing NPY-LI. A concommitant increase in fiber diameter, fluorescence intensity and extent of arborization was observed. The characteristic distribution of ENK-LI in cell bodies and axons in mature and aged ganglia was not affected by grafting. However, there was a greater than 50% reduction in the number of cell bodies expressing ENK-LI. CGRP-LI, localized in fibers and axon terminals in SCG in situ, was not identified after grafting. In summary, we have demonstrated that SCG from all age groups form extensive fiber networks and continue neuropeptide expression after intraocular grafting. This was seen best in mature and aged donors and may suggest a role for SCG transplants in the replacement of monoaminergic neurons in the CNS.
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PMID:Effects of donor age on superior cervical ganglion transplants: evaluation of Falck-Hillarp histochemistry and immunocytochemistry. 167 95

Acute peripheral axotomy of the visceral sensory neurons of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves removes peripheral depolarizing and trophic influences to their sensory ganglia. To study axotomy-induced changes in the putative neurotransmitters of visceral sensory neurons, rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 7 or 14 days after transection of either the cervical vagus and superior laryngeal nerves (to affect peripheral axotomy of the nodose ganglion) or the glossopharyngeal and carotid sinus nerves (to affect peripheral axotomy of the petrosal ganglion). The numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-ir, calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP)-ir, and substance P (SP)-ir neurons in the respective ganglia were analyzed in axotomized and control ganglia. In the nodose ganglion, axotomy of the cervical vagus resulted in a rapid (by 1 day) reduction in the number of TH-ir cells, whereas VIP-ir neurons were dramatically increased in number by 3 days. CGRP- and SP-ir cells in the nodose ganglion were relatively unaffected by axotomy. In the petrosal ganglion, axotomy of the glossopharyngeal and carotid sinus nerves greatly reduced the number of TH-ir cells but did not alter the number VIP-ir neurons. CGRP- and SP-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were reduced in number by axotomy. Thus, axotomy of visceral sensory neurons differentially changed the content and perhaps the expression of putative transmitters. Differential changes were seen among transmitters in a single ganglia and between ganglia. These data demonstrate the plasticity of putative neurotransmitter systems in visceral afferent systems of adult rats.
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PMID:Axotomy alters putative neurotransmitters in visceral sensory neurons of the nodose and petrosal ganglia. 168 May 28

Retrograde fiber tracing and in situ hybridization were used to determine expression of mRNAs for preprotachykinin A (ppTA), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), preproenkephalin A (ENK), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and somatostatin (SOM) as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the petrosal ganglia primary sensory neurons which innervate carotid sinus baroreceptors and carotid body chemoreceptors. Perfusion of the carotid sinus with the retrogradely transported dye (Fluoro-Gold) labeled primary sensory neurons in petrosal ganglion. Numerous somata in the petrosal ganglion labeled with dye contained mRNAs for all the above peptides, except SOM. Moreover, TH mRNA was found in a substantial number of retrogradely labeled cells in the petrosal ganglion. This study provides information concerning which of the numerous peptides identified in sensory neurons of petrosal ganglion may be involved in modulation of the arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes.
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PMID:Expression of messenger RNAs for peptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in primary sensory neurons that innervate arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. 168 84

A triple-labelling immunofluorescence technique was used to study the patterns of coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the guinea-pig stellate ganglion. CGRP-immunoreactive postganglionic neurons, which all were of the non-catecholaminergic type, could be divided into NPY-positive and NPY-negative populations. Sweat glands, which are a known target of CGRP-immunoreactive sympathetic neurons, exhibited exclusively fibers of the CGRP+/NPY- phenotype. Lack of coexistence of CGRP- and NPY-immunoreactivity was also observed in nerves within skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue and hairy skin. The findings document a previously unknown diversity of CGRP-immunoreactive postganglionic sympathetic neurons, and indicate the existence of an addition, presently unidentified target of non-catecholaminergic, CGRP-immunoreactive sympathetic neurons.
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PMID:Different types of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea-pig stellate ganglion as revealed by triple-labelling immunofluorescence. 168 56

A simple method combining indirect immunofluorescence and histochemical techniques was developed in order to demonstrate the presence of both neuropeptide immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity in the same whole-mount preparation. It was found that the two methods can be combined without interfering with one another and may be viewed and photographed simultaneously. The guinea pig basilar artery was chosen as a model tissue. While vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity were found to occur in the same perivascular nerve fibres, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide tyrosine and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity were present in distinct nerve subpopulations. It is possible using this double staining procedure, to analyse the interrelationship of putative cholinergic nerves with other components of the autonomic and sensory nervous system.
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PMID:Simultaneous visualization of neuropeptide and acetylcholinesterase nerve subpopulations in the perivascular plexus. 168 37

Visceral afferent neurons of the nodose and petrosal ganglia are immunoreactive (ir) for many neurotransmitters [e.g., substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase-ir; TH)]. Coexistence of SP-ir with NKA-, CGRP-, or TH-ir was studied in individual neurons of the rat ganglia using fluorescence immunocytochemistry. SP- and NKA-ir were present in equal numbers of cells and were consistently colocalized. SP- and CGRP-ir were found to be similarly distributed in scattered cells, concentrated mostly in the rostral pole of the nodose ganglion and in the petrosal ganglion. SP-ir completely coexisted with CGRP-ir. However, there was at least twice the number of CGRP-ir neurons as SP-ir neurons, and thus CGRP-ir neurons that did not contain SP-ir were also present. In contrast, SP- and TH-ir had different distributions in both the nodose and the petrosal ganglia. SP-ir was located in the more rostral regions of both the nodose and petrosal ganglia, whereas TH-ir was detected throughout the entire nodose ganglion and only in the most caudal region of the petrosal ganglion. There was no coexistence of SP- and TH-ir. These data demonstrate the differential localization and coexistence of putative transmitters in visceral sensory neurons in the nodose and petrosal ganglia.
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PMID:Studies on the coexistence of substance P with other putative transmitters in the nodose and petrosal ganglia. 168 73

The occurrence and distribution of peptide-containing nerve fibres [substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), neuropeptide Y (NPY)] and noradrenergic nerve fibres [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH)-positive] in the airways of the pig were studied by means of immunohistochemistry. SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibres were present close to and within the lining respiratory epithelium, around blood vessels, within the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer and around local tracheobronchial ganglion cells. The content of CGRP- and neurokinin A (NKA)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was twice as high in the trachea compared to that in the peripheral bronchi. SP was a more potent constrictor agent than NKA on pig bronchi in vitro. CGRP had a relaxant effect on precontracted pig bronchi. On blood vessels CGRP exerted a relaxant effect that was more pronounced on pulmonary arteries than on bronchial arteries. VIP/PHI-IR fibres were seen in association with exocrine glands and in the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer. VIP-positive nerve fibres were abundant around blood vessels in the trachea but sparse or absent around blood vessels in the peripheral bronchi. This histological finding was supported by RIA; it was shown that the content of peptides displaying VIP-like immunoreactivity (-LI) was 18 times higher in the trachea compared to peripheral bronchi. VIP was equally potent as CGRP in relaxing precontracted pig bronchi in vitro. Both bronchial and pulmonary arteries were relaxed by VIP. NPY was colocalized with VIP in tracheal periglandular nerve fibres and in nerve fibres within the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer. NPY was also present in noradrenergic (DBH-positive) vascular nerve fibres. The content of NPY was much higher (15-fold) in the trachea compared to small bronchi. NPY caused a contraction of both pulmonary and bronchial arteries. The bronchial smooth muscle contraction to field stimulation in vitro was purely cholinergic. A noncholinergic relaxatory effect following field stimulation was observed after bronchial precontraction. Capsaicin had no effect on pig bronchi in vitro.
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PMID:Innervation of lower airways and neuropeptide effects on bronchial and vascular tone in the pig. 169 4

In developing heterotopic bone in the rat, induced by allogeneic bone matrix, we immunohistochemically detected nerves containing substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). After 10 days they were dicernible amidst differentiating chondroblastoid cells in fibrous tissue around and within the implants. Over the next 3 weeks, the nerves increased in number and gradually attained a shape and distribution resembling normal osseal nerves; varicose fibres frequently occurred in periosteum-like fibrous tissue and bone marrow adjacent to newly formed bone. At 8 weeks, NPY-fibres increased, particularly in the marrow and this abundance of NPY fibres remained at 16 weeks. VIP-immunoreactive fibres were only observed in the surrounding periosteum-like fibrous tissue 4-6 weeks after implantation. These observations, in combination with recent findings of receptors to neuropeptides on bone cells, suggest a neurogenic influence on physiological processes in bone tissue.
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PMID:The occurrence of neuropeptides at different stages of DBM-induced heterotopic bone formation. 169 91

The arrangement of the enteric nerve plexuses in the colon of the guinea-pig and the distributions and projections of chemically specified neurons in this organ have been studied. Immunoreactivity for neuron specific enolase was used to examine the total population of neurons and individual subpopulations were studied using antibodies raised against calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), leu-enkephalin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), galanin, gamma aminobutyric acid, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Neuronal pathways within the colon were lesioned using myotomy and myectomy operations and extrinsic pathways running between the inferior mesenteric ganglia and the colon were also severed. Each of the antibodies revealed nerve cells and nerve fibres or only nerve fibres within the wall of the colon. VIP, galanin and GRP were in anally projecting pathways in the myenteric plexus, as they are in other species. In contrast, there are differences in the projection directions of enkephalin, substance P, NPY and somatostatin nerve fibres between regions and species. Surprisingly, somatostatin and NPY fibres have opposite projections in the small intestine and colon of the guinea-pig. The majority of nerve fibres that innervate the circular muscle, including fibres with immunoreactivity for VIP, enkephalin, substance P, NPY, galanin and GRP come from the myenteric ganglia. The mucosa is innervated by fibres from both the myenteric and submucous ganglia. The present results suggest that the guinea-pig distal colon is a suitable place in which to determine relations between structure, neurochemistry and functions of enteric neural circuits.
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PMID:Projections of chemically-specified neurons in the guinea-pig colon. 170 5

The subepicardial atrial ganglia of rat hearts were examined using immunohistochemical techniques and antibodies against the catecholamine-synthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and the neuropeptides substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and met-5-enkephalin (ENK). Some of the ganglion cells present in the ganglia exhibited DBH-like immunoreactivity (LI) and NPY-LI, whilst these cells never exhibited TH-, VIP-, CGRP-, SP- or ENK-LI. Groups of small cells exhibiting an intense TH-LI, corresponding to cells referred to as catecholamine-containing cells and sometimes small intensely fluorescent cells in the literature, were observed in the ganglia. A subpopulation of these cells exhibited immunoreactivity to one of the neuropeptides tested, namelyu SP. Only a few of the cells showing TH-LI displayed DBH-LI. Nerve fibres showing SP-, CGRP-, DBH- and TH-LI were present in the ganglia; some of these fibres being closely associated with the ganglion cells or with the cells showing TH-LI. The observation provide new information on the catecholamine-synthetic enzyme/neuropeptide expression of the ganglion and catecholamine-containing cells and of the associated nerve fibres of rat heart subepicardial ganglia.
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PMID:Catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides in rat heart epicardial ganglia; an immunohistochemical study. 170 94


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