Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We previously showed that long-term hypoxia increases the dopamine content in rat laryngeal nerve paraganglia. In the present study paraganglia of rats exposed to hypoxia (10 +/- 0.5% O2) for 14 days were examined immunohistochemically to detect changes in the expression of neuropeptides and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. Hypoxia induced an intense cellular substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) in some paraganglia and an increase in the number of stromal nerve fibers showing SP-LI in others. The patterns of tyrosine hydroxylase-, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, neuropeptide-Y and calcitonin gene-related peptide-LI were not changed in response to hypoxia. The results show that hypoxia induces changes in the pattern of SP immunoreactivity in laryngeal nerve paraganglia and may indicate that SP plays a role in the regulation of catecholamine metabolism in this tissue.
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PMID:Long-term hypoxia induces changes in the substance P immunoreactivity pattern in laryngeal nerve paraganglia. 127 34

Deer antler is a unique mineralized tissue which can produce very high growth rates of > 1 cm/day in large species. On completion of antler growth, the dermal tissues which cover the antler are shed and the underlying calcified tissue dies. After several months the old antler is discarded and growth of a new one begins. It is known that deer antlers are sensitive to touch and are innervated. The major aims of this study were to identify and localize by immunohistochemical techniques the type of innervation present, and to find out whether nerve fibres could exhibit growth rates comparable to those of antler. We have taken tissue sections from the tip and shaft of growing Red deer (Cervus elaphus) antlers at three stages of development; shortly after the initiation of regrowth, the rapid growth phase, and near the end of growth. Incubation of tissue sections with antisera to protein gene product 9.5 (a neural cytoplasmic protein), neurofilament triplet proteins (a neural cytoskeletal protein), substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (both of which are present in and synthesized by sensory neurons) showed the presence of immunoreactive nerve fibres in dermal, deep connective and perichondrial/periosteal tissues at all stages of antler growth. The sparse distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity was found in dermal tissue only at the earliest stage of antler development. Nerve fibres immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y, C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase, all present in postganglionic sympathetic nerves, were not observed at any stage of antler growth. Nerves expressing immunoreactivity for any of the neural markers or peptides employed could not be found in cartilage, osteoid or bone. These results show that antlers are innervated mainly by sensory nerves and that nerves can attain the exceptionally high growth rates found in regenerating antler.
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PMID:Rapid neural growth: calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P-containing nerves attain exceptional growth rates in regenerating deer antler. 128 Mar 52

We have used immunofluorescence to study the postnatal development of the sympathetic and sensory innervation to the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) ovary. Sympathetic nerves were identified as adrenergic by their content of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity and as peptidergic by the presence of neuropeptide Y (NPY). Fibers containing substance P (SP) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity were considered as sensory, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive fibers were only defined as peptidergic because VIP may be present in both sympathetic and sensory nerves. Ovaries from neonatal (2-mo-old), juvenile (9-18-mo-old), peripubertal (3-3.5-yr-old), adult (9-14-yr-old), and senescent (20-27-yr-old) monkeys were studied. At all ages, with the exception of senescence, TH-, NPY-, and VIP-containing fibers were associated with follicles in different developmental stages. In peripubertal and adult animals, some primordial follicles were found to be selectively innervated by VIPergic fibers that almost completely encircled each follicle. Both sympathetic and VIP fibers were also detected in the interstitial tissue and associated with the ovarian vasculature at all ages. The number of sympathetic and VIP fibers increased significantly (p < 0.01) between 2 mo and 9-18 mo of age, and again increased (p < 0.01) around the age of puberty (approximately 3 yr of age). After this time, the number of NPY and TH fibers remained constant. Conversely, the number of VIP fibers decreased (p < 0.05) by 9-14 yr of age, but remained constant thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Postnatal development of sympathetic and sensory innervation of the rhesus monkey ovary. 128 72

The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) consists of various motor, sensory and autonomic nerve fibers, although it has not been established whether different neuronal types exhibit a similar ability to regenerate. To address this question, freezing was used to injure the cat RLN fibers and the presence or absence of immunoreactivity for neuropeptides or transmitter-synthesizing enzymes was then examined as a marker to classify the fibers. In the control RLN, calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) fibers were the highest in number and were distributed throughout the nerve fascicles. The number of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) fibers was about 40% that of CGRP-IR fibers, while a portion of CGRP-IR fibers was found to contain SP immunoreactivity. Relatively low numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) and neuropeptide Y (NPY-IR) nerve fibers were seen which tended to form clusters. The distribution pattern of NPY-IR fibers was very similar to that of TH-IR fibers. In the regenerating RLN 1 week after the freezing injury, the fastest growing axons were CGRP-IR, while the regenerating rates of SP-IR, TH-IR and NPY-IR fibers were slower than that of CGRP-IR fibers. These results suggest that the ability for neurite regeneration varies among neuron types and that CGRP-IR fibers possess the most rapid ability to regenerate.
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PMID:Neurite regeneration in the cat recurrent laryngeal nerve: an immunohistochemical study. 128 3

We treated rat pups with nerve growth factor (10 micrograms/animal/day s.c.) over postnatal days 1-7. Subsequent adult neuron numbers and tyrosine hydroxylase content in superior cervical ganglion were normal, but preganglionic inputs, as gauged from ganglionic choline acetyltransferase, were reduced. In parallel, intraganglionic axon terminals containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, but not those containing substance P, were increased in number. We postulate that neonatal nerve growth factor stimulates sprouting of ingrowing axons that have entered the ganglion soon after birth and that this represses subsequent establishment of cholinergic preganglionic synapses.
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PMID:Neonatal nerve growth factor treatment alters the preganglionic innervation pattern of rat superior cervical ganglion. 128 38

Histological and immunohistochemical methods were used to study pelvic paraganglia in a series of human postnatal specimens ranging in age from 1 month to 6 y. Up to 5 months of age, many of the encapsulated paraganglia contained small pacinian-like sensory corpuscles which occurred either singly or in small clusters, implying an unknown functional interrelationship during this period. In older specimens, this intimate association was not observed since pacinian corpuscles and small nonencapsulated clusters of paraganglion cells were observed only as separate structures. It is suggested that the paraganglion cells may induce the formation of the pacinian corpuscles during fetal development. Immunohistochemistry using the nerve marker protein gene product (PGP 9.5) demonstrated a rich plexus of varicose nerve fibres within the paraganglia which may directly innervate the paraganglion cells and/or be associated with the profuse vascular supply. A similar density of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves was also demonstrated while some of the nerves contained calcitonin gene related peptide or substance P. The paraganglion cells stained positively for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y, but not for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. This combination of immunostaining confirms them as a rich source of noradrenaline.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of human postnatal paraganglia associated with the urinary bladder. 130 81

Immunohistochemical staining of arteries supplying the dog forepaw showed a dense distribution of nerve fibers which were immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) around the vascular walls. The density of each immunoreactive fiber tended to increase in the peripheral branch of the vascular tree. Retrograde axonal tracing with Fast Blue from the artery revealed that these immunoreactive fibers originated from NPY-containing catecholaminergic as well as VIP/SP/CGRP-containing non-catecholaminergic neurons in the stellate ganglion and SP/CGRP-containing neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of segments C7 to Th1. After stellate ganglionectomy, TH-, NPY-, and, VIP-immunoreactive fibers disappeared completely from the arterial walls while approximately 40% of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers remained. The present results indicate that the artery of the dog forepaw receive triple innervation of adrenergic sympathetic, non-adrenergic sympathetic, and sensory fibers, and suggest that about 40% of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers are of sensory origin.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the sympathetic and sensory innervation to the blood vessels of the dog forepaw. 130 3

Tumor tissue located in the occipital lobe with hemorrhage was obtained from a 19-year-old patient. Histological examination indicated it to consist of undifferentiated small, round cells without neuronal or glial differentiation, and possibly to be a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor cells were cultured for 3 years and a continuous cell line (KK-2) was established. KK-2 was transplantable to nude mice. With immunocytochemistry, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, vimentin, TUJ1 (a monoclonal antibody specific for neuron-associated class III beta-tubulin isotype) and 6H7 (a monoclonal antibody to NCAM produced by us) were detected. None of the following could be found: glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, neurofilament and synaptophysin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrin releasing peptide corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, somatostatin, chromogranin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. The original tumor and KK-2 cells obtained after 3 years of culture and transplants in nude mice displayed essentially the same ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics. KK-2 cells showed no differentiation to mature neuronal, glial or ependymal cells. This cell line may possibly serve as a useful model for studying cellular differentiation of human neuroectodermal tumors and normal neuronal development.
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PMID:A continuous cell line (KK-2) from a supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. 132 7

A syngeneic transplantation of 150 islets into the subcapsular renal space was performed on normoglycemic or alloxan-induced diabetic male C57BL/6 mice. Six, 8, 14, or 20-21 wk after transplantation, the graft-bearing kidney was removed and processed for microscopical examinations with indirect immunofluorescence for neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase, and with acetylcholinesterase staining to visualize nerve fibers within the graft. Six weeks after implantation, only a few scattered nerve fibers were observed within the grafts. A progressive increase in the number of nerves was observed until 14 wk after transplantation, after which, a stable level was reached. Alloxan-induced diabetic mice showed quantitatively and qualitatively similar reinnervation to normoglycemic mice 20 wk after transplantation. The findings demonstrate the presence of sympathetic nerve fibers (containing tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y), mainly accompanying ingrowing blood vessels; parasympathetic nerve fibers (containing acetylcholinesterase and vasoactive intestinal peptide), possibly reaching the graft from the adjacent renal capsule; and afferent nerve fibers (containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide), which were less numerous. The data suggest that transplanted islets become reinnervated by ingrowth of nerve fibers from the implantation organ and that several types of nerves are present.
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PMID:Reinnervation of syngeneic mouse pancreatic islets transplanted into renal subcapsular space. 134 84

We have demonstrated that the mouse neuroblastoma N18Tg2 cell line and several clones of hybrid ND cells (ND7, ND9 and ND21), derived from the fusion of neonatal rat sensory neurons with that neuroblastoma, show immunostaining to protein gene product 9.5, neuropeptide Y, C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase and chromogranins. Synaptophysin could only be detected in ND cells. Immunoreactivities to substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin and somatostatin could not be detected in any of these cell lines. After three days of incubation in a differentiation medium, cell processes of various lengths were observed both in neuroblastoma and ND cell cultures. In ND7 cells there was also a redistribution of neuropeptide Y and its C-flanking peptide to the tips of cell processes. The differentiation of cell processes was also accompanied by the appearance of immunostaining to rat chromogranins in their tips. In contrast, synaptophysin expression was found mainly in cell bodies. Neuropeptide Y, its C-flanking peptide and chromogranins have been associated with secretory granules, whereas synaptophysin is a marker for small synaptic-like vesicles. Therefore, our morphological findings further support and expand the view that these markers are primarily associated with different subcellular structures. Moreover, they indicate that the regulated secretory pathway associated with chromogranins is segregated into nerve processes at an early stage of differentiation, when the synaptophysin-associated pathway is not yet mature. ND7 cells thus provide a useful model system for studying changes in the distribution of neuropeptides, cytoskeletal elements and proteins associated with cell secretion during neuronal differentiation.
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PMID:Intracellular redistribution of neuropeptides and secretory proteins during differentiation of neuronal cell lines. 134 12


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