Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tumor tissue located in the occipital lobe with hemorrhage was obtained from a 19-year-old patient. Histological examination indicated it to consist of undifferentiated small, round cells without neuronal or glial differentiation, and possibly to be a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor cells were cultured for 3 years and a continuous cell line (KK-2) was established. KK-2 was transplantable to nude mice. With immunocytochemistry, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, vimentin, TUJ1 (a monoclonal antibody specific for neuron-associated class III beta-tubulin isotype) and 6H7 (a monoclonal antibody to NCAM produced by us) were detected. None of the following could be found: glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, neurofilament and synaptophysin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrin releasing peptide corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, somatostatin, chromogranin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. The original tumor and KK-2 cells obtained after 3 years of culture and transplants in nude mice displayed essentially the same ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics. KK-2 cells showed no differentiation to mature neuronal, glial or ependymal cells. This cell line may possibly serve as a useful model for studying cellular differentiation of human neuroectodermal tumors and normal neuronal development.
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PMID:A continuous cell line (KK-2) from a supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. 132 7

In the developing mesencephalon of the rat, the dopaminergic neurons are generated in the ventricular zone of the basal plate between E11 and E15 and then migrate along radial glia to the ventral surface of the developing mesencephalon. To study the factors that control migration and maturation of the dopaminergic neurons, we immunolabeled embryo and pups, ages E12-P21, for neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), polysialic acid (PSA) - a polysaccharide found in high amounts on NCAM during development, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) - a marker of mesencephalic dopaminergic cells, and vimentin - the major cytoskeletal protein in radial glia in the rat. At E13, we noted that cells throughout the mesencephalon contained NCAM-immunoreactive (NCAM-IR) material but that cells along the ventral surface of the mesencephalon contained an increased amount of NCAM-IR material and PSA-immunoreactive (PSA-IR) material. At this age, we first noted a small number of TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) cells adjacent to the marginal zone of the ventral surface of the mesencephalon. Many of the TH-IR cells contained an increased density of NCAM-IR material. At age E14, the pattern of increased density of NCAM-IR material on cells along the ventral surface of the mesencephalon persisted and a conspicuous amount of PSA-IR material was also noted on cells in this region. TH-IR cells were more numerous, and a striking number of the TH-IR cells also contained an increased amount of NCAM-IR material and PSA-IR material. With increasing age the distribution of NCAM-IR material and PSA-IR material in the mesencephalon became more uniform. Our work suggests that NCAM may be involved in control of migration and synthesis of TH in the dopaminergic cells of the developing mesencephalon.
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PMID:Mesencephalic dopaminergic cells exhibit increased density of neural cell adhesion molecule and polysialic acid during development. 134 68

The olfactory bulbs of adult and developing Monodelphis domestica were examined with a number of techniques. Golgi, Nissl, and Timm stains as well as acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed a high degree of order within the adult bulb. All major cell classes characteristic of most mammalian species were observed. Tufted cells appeared to be restricted to the superficial portion of the external plexiform layer. Developing Monodelphis pups were examined with Nissl-stained semithin sections and with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, microtubule-associated protein 2, vimentin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Newborn pups are extremely immature, with few postmitotic cells present in the forebrain. Considerable maturation occurs over the first four postnatal weeks, and by postnatal day 30, the bulb assumes an adult-like organization. The extreme immaturity of the bulb at birth, coupled with its strict organization, suggest that Monodelphis is a particularly appropriate species for experimental examinations of olfactory system development.
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PMID:Olfactory bulb organization and development in Monodelphis domestica (grey short-tailed opossum). 137 58

Neuroblastomas are malignant childhood neoplasms that arise from derivatives of the neural crest. We report the characterization of a new neuroblastoma cell line, designated NBL-W, derived from the primary tumor of a patient with stage IVS disease (S. L. Cohn, C. V. Herst, H. S. Maurer, and S. T. Rosen, J. Clin. Oncol., 5: 1441-1444, 1987) according to the criteria of Evans [A. E. Evans, G. J. D'Angio, and J. Randolf, Cancer (Phila.), 27: 374-378, 1971]. Neurite-bearing (N) and substrate-adherent (S) cell lines have been subcloned from the parent line. N and S cells can interconvert, and both cell types label with the neural crest cell surface marker antibody, HNK-1. Cells in the subcloned lines and in the parent line have been shown by Southern blot analysis to contain approximately 100 copies of the N-myc gene. Cytogenetic analysis shows a homogeneously staining region present on chromosome 19. Although these subclones are of identical genotype, the S cells express lower amounts of N-myc mRNA and protein as compared to the N cells. N cells express several neuronal proteins including the neurotransmitter-processing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, the neuronal intermediate filament proteins peripherin and NF66/alpha-internexin, and the neural cell adhesion molecule. S cells generally lack neuronal markers but express the mesenchymal intermediate filament protein vimentin, and a small subset of the S cells express glial fibrillary acidic protein. Some S cells were labeled weakly with neural cell adhesion molecule antibody; others were negative. S cells did not express the glial marker S-100 or a melanocyte marker, tyrosinase. Thus, S cells express the neural crest marker HNK-1 but do not express a set of antigens characteristic of any known cell type derived from the neural crest. These results are consistent with the suggestion that differential N-myc expression may be involved in the interconversion of N and S cells but indicate that the S cell phenotype need not represent a highly differentiated neural crest derivative.
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PMID:Differential expression of N-myc in phenotypically distinct subclones of a human neuroblastoma cell line. 193 96

Studies were performed to examine the relation of dopaminergic cells and radial glia in the developing mesencephalon of the rat at ages E12-E20. Dopaminergic cells were immunolabelled with an antiserum which recognizes tyrosine hydroxylase, and radial glia were immunolabelled with a monoclonal antibody which recognizes vimentin. The vimentin-immunoreactive fibres of radial glia were noted at E12. At E12, and more clearly at later time points, the radial glia extended from the aqueduct to the pial surface, and this pattern persisted throughout the prenatal period. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells were located along the ventral surface of the mesencephalon at age E13. At age E15, E16, and E18 the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells were present from the aqueduct to the ventral pial surface of the mesencephalon and were aligned along radial glia. Our study suggests that radial glia provide paths for migration of dopaminergic cells in the mantle layer from E15 to E18 of the developing mesencephalon. It also suggests that some dopaminergic cells between E15 and E18 may express tyrosine hydroxylase during their migration through the mantle layer and prior to reaching the location they occupy in the adult brain.
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PMID:Dopaminergic cells align along radial glia in the developing mesencephalon of the rat. 197 55

The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is becoming an important model system for developmental studies. We have used a variety of histological techniques to characterize the adult structure of the olfactory system in this teleost to form a base for future developmental work. The olfactory epithelium in this fish contains ciliated and microvillar sensory neurons, microvillar supporting cells, secretory goblet cells, and basal cells, and the adjacent nonsensory epithelium contains ciliated supporting cells. The olfactory bulb is a diffusely organized structure with four laminae: olfactory nerve, glomerular, mixed mitral cell/plexiform, and granule cell layers. These structures and the synapses observed in the olfactory bulb are typical of what is found in other vertebrates. We also examined the distribution of several neurotransmitter markers (tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and serotonin) in the olfactory bulb. Antibodies to neuropeptide Y, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and serotonin labeled fibers in the olfactory bulb and cell bodies in caudal regions of the brain in distributions comparable to other species. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was observed in a set of intrinsic bulb neurons with extensive processes in the glomerular layer. In addition, the structural proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin have distributions similar to those in the olfactory bulbs of other animals. Thus, the adult olfactory structures are analogous to the structures in other vertebrate animals in morphology and chemical neuroanatomy. This similarity, along with its numerous advantages for developmental studies, makes the zebrafish a good model for studies of olfaction and forebrain maturation.
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PMID:Organization of the olfactory system in the adult zebrafish: histological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative analysis. 756 Feb 85

Involvement of the IEGs in brain injury and ischemia is under intensive investigation (Gubits et al., 1993). There are several families of the IEGs. They include the fos, jun, and zinc finger genes that encode transcription factors. Products of the fos family (c-fos, fra-1, fra-2, and fos B) bind to members of the jun family (c-jun, jun B, jun D) via leucine zippers, and this dimer then binds to the AP-1 site (consensus sequence -TGACTCA-) in the promoter of target genes, which in turn regulate the expression of late response genes that produce long-term changes in cells. For example, c-fos may regulate the long-term expression of preproenkephalin, nerve growth factor, dynorphin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, tyrosine hydroxylase and other genes with AP-1 sites in their promoters (Curran and Morgan, 1987; Sheng and Greenberg, 1990). It is likely that the c-fos gene up-regulation observed in ischemic astrocytes leads to the changes observed in the expressions of hsp and cytoskeleton protein genes in this experimental model. This is supported by the findings of Sarid (1991) and Pennypacker et al. (1994) who have shown that AP-1 DNA binding activity in hippocampus recognized an AP-1 sequence from the promoter region of the GFAP which is a potential target gene. van de Klundert et al. (1992) also suggested the involvement of AP-1 in transcriptional regulation of vimentin. IEGs can be induced within minutes by extracellular stimuli including transmitters, peptides, and growth factors. In this study, we have shown that c-fos induction by ischemia was rapid and transient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Gene expression in astrocytes during and after ischemia. 756 84

Polysialic acid (PSA) is abundant on growing axons during brain development and down regulated on maturation. However, high amounts of this carbohydrate polymer have been found to persist in some regions of the adult rat brain including the mediobasal hypothalamus. In this study, confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with double fluorescence immunostaining was used to characterize the cellular localization of PSA throughout the median eminence and neurointermediate hypophysial lobe of adult rats. In these regions, polysialic acid-immunoreactivity (PSA-IR) generally appeared associated with fiber-like structures. Double immunostaining experiments demonstrated that, in addition to large axons of the neural lobe immunoreactive to vasopressin or oxytocin, PSA was constantly associated with fibers projecting into the intermediate hypophysial lobe immunoreactive to either gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or tyrosine hydroxylase. Similarly, PSA-IR was detected on most, but not all the fibers immunoreactive to GABA or tyrosine hydroxylase dispersed throughout the neural lobe and the different layers of the median eminence. On the other hand, no PSA-IR was detected on axons immunoreactive to somatostatin or to corticotropin releasing hormone projecting throughout the median eminence, or on glial cell bodies and processes immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or for vimentin dispersed throughout the median eminence and the neural lobe.
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PMID:Immunolocalization of polysialic acid in the median eminence and neurointermediate hypophysial lobe of adult rats. 789 19

We have established a primary neuronal culture of the embryonic day 14 rat, ventral mesencephalic region, centered on the A8, A9, and A10 dopaminergic nuclei (approximately 1.0 mm3 of tissue). At 16 hr after plating on a substrate of poly-D-lysine, in a serum-free or serum-supplemented growth medium, using a microisland culturing method, 95% of the cells stained positive for neuron-specific enolase, 20% for tyrosine hydroxylase, and < 5% for vimentin. When the growth medium was supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, the percentage of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons increased significantly (p < 0.05) at the 7th and 10th days in culture, compared with the percentage present at 16 hr after plating. When cultured in a serum-free growth medium, the percentage of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons decreased to < 5% and to 0% by the 5th and 7th days, respectively, while the percentage of GABA-IR neurons increased. The addition of serum to the serum-free culture rescued dopaminergic neurons from death induced by serum deprivation. The effect of serum was dependent both on the time of addition after plating, and on the percentage added. When the cells were plated in a serum-free medium, on a confluent, type 1 astrocyte monolayer, prepared from the ventral mesencephalon of the embryonic day 16 rat, the survival of dopaminergic neurons increased significantly (p < 0.01) at DIV5, versus survival after plating on poly-D-lysine. Conditioned medium prepared from the same mesencephalic type 1 astrocyte monolayer also rescued dopaminergic neurons from death. The rescue mediated by the astrocyte monolayer or the conditioned medium was not inhibited by the mitotic inhibitor cytosine arabino furanoside (1.0 microM). Type 1 astrocyte monolayers and conditioned media prepared from the striatum and cerebral cortex of the embryonic day 16 rat had weaker trophic effects than those mediated by mesencephalic glia. We conclude that serum deprivation causes the selective death of dopaminergic neurons in a primary culture of the rat E14 ventral mesencephalon. Type 1 astrocytes or the conditioned medium from type 1 astrocytes can rescue dopaminergic neurons from death induced by serum deprivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Mesencephalic type 1 astrocytes rescue dopaminergic neurons from death induced by serum deprivation. 791 55

A primary neuronal culture was prepared from the ventral mesencephalon, centered on the A8, A9 and A10 dopaminergic nuclei of the embryonic day 14 rat, and studied from 12 h to 28 days. At 12 h after plating, and before cell death ensued, 95% of the cells stained positive for neuron specific enolase; 20% for tyrosine hydroxylase; 5% for vimentin and < 0.1% for glial fibrillary acidic protein. In the presence of the mitotic inhibitor cytosine arabinoside (2.0 microM), neuronal growth and survival were surprisingly normal up to the ninth day in culture, but deteriorated rapidly thereafter. In the absence of a mitotic inhibitor, and in the presence of proliferating but non-confluent glia, the tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons that survived to the 10th day, had retracted neurites and a rounded soma, suggesting an inhibition of cell development. Those tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons that survived this adverse phase of development tended to produce elaborate neuritic profiles after the 11th day, coincident with confluence of the astrocyte monolayer at the 12th day. By the 21st day in culture, and persisting up to the 28th day, 60% (61 +/- 10, n = 20) of the surviving neurons stained positive for tyrosine hydroxylase. When plated on an established, ventral mesencephalic monolayer of astrocytes, at the seventh day in culture, neuritic growth and branching of the tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons were greater, compared with similar neurons grown on poly-D-lysine, and the signs of arrested development (retraction of neurites and rounded soma) seen at the 10th day after plating on poly-D-lysine, were not observed. We conclude that in the primary culture studied, and under the experimental conditions used, the survival of dopaminergic neurons was independent of glia during the first nine days, and critically dependent on glia thereafter. The resurgence of growth of dopaminergic neurons after 10 days in vitro, and their subsequent selective survival in culture, suggest that confluent type-1 astrocytes produce factors that act selectively on the dopaminergic neuronal phenotype. The successful identification of these dopaminergic-specific, neurotrophic factors could lead to an increased understanding of the etiology of Parkinson's disease, and suggest new directions for therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Astrocyte-dependent and -independent phases of the development and survival of rat embryonic day 14 mesencephalic, dopaminergic neurons in culture. 793 1


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