Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Silver-intensified gold (SIG) particles were used for light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical localization of neuronal antigens, and the SIG method was compared with related heavy-metal methods for the purpose of dual ultrastructural localization of neurotransmitter-related antigens. SIG immunostaining was combined with peroxidase immunostaining to allow simultaneous study of differentially labeled tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactive neurons in the medial hypothalamus. A number of electron-dense markers that might be of use in double immunostaining for light and electron microscopy were examined, either with a simple nitrocellulose dot-blot method or on Formvar-coated slot grids. Of these, silver-intensified 5 nm colloidal gold was the most effective. Silver intensification of colloidal silver and of peroxidase reaction product also showed promise for combined LM and EM double-immunolabeling studies. Since the silver-intensification procedure used here intensifies both gold and peroxidase, in experiments involving, double staining, the silver-intensified gold procedure should be used for the first antigen and nonintensified HRP for the second. Presumptive dopaminergic neurons containing the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase were located throughout the hypothalamus with SIG immunostaining. In the same areas where frequent tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons were found, many axons and bouton terminals were also found with antisera against GABA or against the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. Areas containing cells immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase and stained with SIG and axons immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase and stained with peroxidase included the periventricular area (A14), the arcuate nucleus (A12), the dorsomedial hypothalamus/zona incerta area (A13), the posterior hypothalamus (A11), the medial paraventricular nucleus, and dorsal to the supraoptic nucleus, in addition to the preoptic area near the third ventricle and dorsally adjacent to the anterior commissure. For comparison, the SIG procedure was also used to stain dopaminergic neurons outside the hypothalamus in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Double immunocytochemical staining of two different neurotransmitter-related antigens allowed examination with both light and electron microscopy. By virtue of a large silver shell formed around the colloidal gold particle and its adsorbed immunoglobulin or protein A, cross-reactivity of the first set of immunoreagents stained with particulate silver and a second set stained with peroxidase could be reduced or eliminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons throughout the hypothalamus receive glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactive synapses: a double pre-embedding immunocytochemical study with particulate silver and HRP. 287 Jan 43

This study examines the effect of chronic administration of misonidazole on four neurotransmitter pathways (norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA) of the central nervous system (CNS). Biochemical assays examined the neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) for catecholamines and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) for acetylcholine. An immunocytochemical stain for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was used as an enzymatic marker for GABAergic neurons. In drug-treated mice, enzymatic activity for TOH as well as the total concentration of enzyme was significantly increased in the locus coeruleus (LC), a principal norepinephrine-containing nucleus of the brainstem, but not in other brain regions. Correlative histofluorescence examination of the LC also showed an increase in the fluorescence intensity of noradrenergic neurons of the nucleus. In contrast, CAT activity was not different from controls in any of the areas examined. In the brainstem, immunocytochemical staining for GAD showed a significant reduction in the number of immunoreactive varicosities juxtaposed to neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus suggestive of a loss of afferent GABAergic input from the cerebellum. These data suggest that both norepinephrine and GABAergic systems may be altered in selective nuclei of the CNS by chronic administration of misonidazole, and that drug related changes in NE and GABA may underline some of the neurotoxic side effects of MISO and/or exacerbate a patient's pre-existing cardiovascular or neurological problems.
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PMID:Effect of misonidazole on neurotransmitter systems. 287 48

The chicken retina has been used to examine the toxicity of a highly reactive chemical analog of choline, ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (ECMA). Following a single intravitreal injection, retinas were analyzed biochemically for CAT and AChE activities, and GABA, glycine, and dopamine levels. Retinas were also examined using histofluorescence for dopamine histochemistry, for AChE, and immunohistochemistry with antibodies to CAT, tyrosine hydroxylase, GABA, 5-HT, Leu-enkephalin, and somatostatin. A dose of 50 nmol ECMA caused a prolonged 70% depletion of CAT activity and a 40% depletion of AChE activity. The other biochemical parameters were unchanged. This result corresponds to the morphological finding that 2 populations of cholinergic cells were destroyed and that the AChE activity associated with their terminal arbors was lost. A third population of cholinergic cells, located towards the middle of the inner nuclear layer, was resistant to the toxic effects of ECMA. The other cell types, except for somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and photoreceptors, which showed transient effects, were unaffected. ECMA therefore appears to be a highly specific toxin for cholinergic cells in the retina.
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PMID:The toxic effects of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion on cholinergic cells in the chicken retina. 288 Sep 36

We examined with an electron microscopic 'mirror technique' whether glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive (GAD-IR) neurons are in direct synaptic contact with tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) axons in the rat neostriatum. Three types of GAD-IR neurons were identified in the nucleus caudatus putamen based upon their size and ultrastructural characteristics. These were medium spiny, medium aspiny and large cells. All types of GAD-IR neurons made synaptic contact with TH-IR axonal boutons at least on perikarya and proximal dendrites. This provides ultrastructural evidence for catecholaminergic, presumably, nigrostriatal dopaminergic inputs to both long- and short-axon neurons most probably containing GABA.
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PMID:Dopaminergic axons directly make synapses with GABAergic neurons in the rat neostriatum. 288 18

Using specific antisera against the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in combination with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and/or the avidin-biotin complex method, we have found a new group of TH immunoreactive (TH-I) neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. Numerous TH-I cells were observed all over the isocortex, that is, frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions, and in some parts of the allocortex such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the retrosplenial cortex and anterior part of the insular cortex. In contrast, they were rare in the perirhinal cortex, posterior part of the insular cortex, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation. TH-I cells were situated throughout all cortical layers, but were most concentrated in layer II/III. Although TH-I cells were heterogeneous in shape, the majority were bipolar. All TH-I cells so far examined appeared to be of the nonpyramidal type. The majority of these intrinsic TH-I neurons also contained the GABA-like immunoreactivity and thus could be regarded as a subpopulation of cortical GABAergic neurons.
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PMID:Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive intrinsic neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. 289 59

Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry, in combination with Golgi impregnation, has been used to study the dopaminergic afferent input to striatal suspension grafts implanted into the previously ibotenic acid-lesioned striatum in adult recipient rats. The rats were perfused for combined light- and electron microscopy at 10-11 months after transplantation, at the end of a series of behavioural experiments and a study of in vivo GABA release, reported in the two accompanying papers. A tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibre network occurred within the grafts in all eight specimens analysed. The tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibres had a distinct "patchy" distribution, throughout the graft tissue, and within these patches the terminal density was similar to that of the normal intact striatum. Ultrastructurally, the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibres were seen to make abundant synaptic contacts with neuronal elements within the grafts. As in the normal striatum, they were all of the symmetric type and dendritic shafts and spines were the most usual postsynaptic targets. Sections from three of the grafted animals were taken for combined Golgi-impregnation and immunostaining. Only cells of the medium-sized densely spiny type were impregnated in this material. Six of them, which had portions extending into the immunostained neuropil, were drawn using a camera lucida and processed for electron microscopy. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive boutons were seen to make symmetrical synaptic contacts onto the shafts and spines of the impregnated dendrites, and in one case also with the perikaryon. The results indicate that the medium-sized densely spiny neuron type (which is a predominant target for the dopaminergic afferents in the normal striatum) is abundant in the grafted tissue, and that these neurons represent a synaptic target also for the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive innervation of the striatal grafts.
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PMID:Striatal grafts in rats with unilateral neostriatal lesions--I. Ultrastructural evidence of afferent synaptic inputs from the host nigrostriatal pathway. 289 9

Peripheral deafferentation of the mouse main olfactory bulb following intranasal irrigation with ZnSO4 produced profound decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and immunoreactivity in intrinsic dopamine neurons normally localized to the juxtaglomerular region of the bulb. In contrast, only modest alterations in GABA-immunoreactivity and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity were observed in the same region. In fact, when GAD activity was expressed per mg tissue, a reflection of enzyme concentration, no changes in activity were observed 3 weeks postlesion and only relatively modest decreases in specific activity were found following long survival times (4 months). When the data were expressed per bulb, as an indication of the total amount of enzyme present, GAD activity and bulb weight exhibited similar reductions. Olfactory marker protein levels, determined as an indication of the completeness of the deafferentation, were at or below the limits of detection in all lesioned mice. These data indicate that afferent regulation of transmitter expression in the juxtaglomerular neurons of the olfactory system is phenotype specific.
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PMID:Differential afferent regulation of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the mouse main olfactory bulb. 290 47

Colocalization of indoleamine uptake and GABA-like immunoreactivity was studied in the cat retina. Consecutive, semithin sections were incubated in antisera to either 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) or GABA. More than 90% of all 5-HT-accumulating amacrine cells expressed GABA-like antigens. With the same approach, the colocalization of 5-HT uptake and GABA-like immunoreactivity was studied in rabbit and 75-80% of the 5-HT-accumulating amacrine cells expressed GABA-like immunoreactivity, thus confirming a previous study (Osborne and Beaton, 1986). Since, in both cat and rabbit, endogenous 5-HT could not be found by immunocytochemistry, one must consider the possibility that some GABAergic amacrine cells take up indoleamines. In the cat retina, antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) label dopaminergic amacrine cells (Oyster et al., 1985). By incubating consecutive, semithin sections in antisera to either TH or GABA, it was found that 84% of the dopaminergic amacrine cells also expressed GABA-like immunoreactivity. GABA-like immunoreactivity and 3H-muscimol uptake were found to be colocalized in more than 90% of the amacrine cells labeled. However, dopaminergic amacrine cells did not accumulate 3H-muscimol. Evidence is presented from colocalization studies for 2 types of interplexiform cell in the cat retina. One is stained by GABA-like immunocytochemistry and by 3H-muscimol uptake. The other is the dopaminergic amacrine cell, which also expresses GABA-like immunoreactivity, but does not accumulate 3H-muscimol.
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PMID:Dopaminergic and indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells express GABA-like immunoreactivity in the cat retina. 290 2

The localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, was studied in the rat major pelvic ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex by indirect immunofluorescence technique with a specific antiserum raised in rabbits. GAD immunoreactivity was demonstrated in small cells of these ganglia. The GAD-immunoreactive small cells were 10-20 microns in diameter and formed clusters or occurred as solitary cells. The principal neurons were non-reactive but they were surrounded by immunoreactive processes. Studies on colocalization of GAD with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the catecholamine synthesis, in the major pelvic ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex indicated that all GAD-immunoreactive small cells were also labelled with TH. In the major pelvic ganglion all TH-immunoreactive SIF cells were also immunoreactive for GAD. However, in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex there occurred TH-immunoreactive small cells which showed no immunoreactivity to GAD. It is suggested that the small GAD-immunoreactive cells represent small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells.
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PMID:Localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the major pelvic ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of the rat. 290 37

We investigated quantitative changes in possible neurotransmitters and their biosynthetic enzymes in the contralateral striatum and both substantia nigrae following unilateral electrothermic lesions of the striatum in the rat. Two types of changes were observed: (1) the first ones were long-lasting (up to 56 post-operative days) effects and consisted in a decrease of GABA content and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the ipsilateral substantia nigra due to the anterograde and retrograde degeneration of striatal efferent and afferent fibres, respectively, and in a marked increase of glutamate and GABA contents in the contralateral striatum resulting possibly from a modified activity of the collaterals of the glutamatergic corticostriatal fibres and a subsequent secondary increase of GABA. The latter interpretation was supported by the finding that the changes observed were abolished by an additional callosal transection; (2) the second series of changes were transient (only found at 3-7 post-operative days) effects represented by an increase in GABA content, a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and a decrease of dopamine content, which mostly appeared in the contralateral substantia nigra. The decrease of dopamine markers may be a subsequent secondary effect of the increase of GABA in the substantia nigra. These results suggest that the contralateral increase of the amino acid transmitters in the striatum and the increase followed by decrease of transmitter markers in the contralateral substantia nigra could be a "plastic" or "compensatory" biochemical response to the unilateral striatal lesions.
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PMID:Effects of the unilateral striatal lesion on neurotransmitter markers in the contralateral striatum and both substantia nigrae of the rat. 290 58


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