Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The production and secretion of multiple peptide hormones and tyrosine hydroxylase by the human neuroblastoma cell line NB-1 and the effects of dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) and phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on them were investigated. The presence of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/peptide histidine methionine (PHM), preprotachykinin, and tyrosine hydroxylase was detectable in the cytoplasm of cultured NB-1 cells by in situ hybridization. Treatment with Bt2cAMP and TPA markedly increased the number of cells immunoreactive to VIP, PHM, neuropeptide Y, Met-enkephalin, substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase and also the contents of VIP and Met-enkephalin in the culture medium. Bt2cAMP and TPA induced morphological changes characteristic of endocrine differentiation, such as an increase in neuroendocrine granules and the development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The results indicated that treatment with Bt2cAMP and TPA induces the expression of multiple genes of peptide hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase and increases hormone production and secretion through morphological changes into endocrine cells.
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PMID:Detection of multiple hormones and their mRNAs in human neuroblastoma cell line NB-1 using in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. 127 91

We have used immunofluorescence to study the postnatal development of the sympathetic and sensory innervation to the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) ovary. Sympathetic nerves were identified as adrenergic by their content of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity and as peptidergic by the presence of neuropeptide Y (NPY). Fibers containing substance P (SP) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity were considered as sensory, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive fibers were only defined as peptidergic because VIP may be present in both sympathetic and sensory nerves. Ovaries from neonatal (2-mo-old), juvenile (9-18-mo-old), peripubertal (3-3.5-yr-old), adult (9-14-yr-old), and senescent (20-27-yr-old) monkeys were studied. At all ages, with the exception of senescence, TH-, NPY-, and VIP-containing fibers were associated with follicles in different developmental stages. In peripubertal and adult animals, some primordial follicles were found to be selectively innervated by VIPergic fibers that almost completely encircled each follicle. Both sympathetic and VIP fibers were also detected in the interstitial tissue and associated with the ovarian vasculature at all ages. The number of sympathetic and VIP fibers increased significantly (p < 0.01) between 2 mo and 9-18 mo of age, and again increased (p < 0.01) around the age of puberty (approximately 3 yr of age). After this time, the number of NPY and TH fibers remained constant. Conversely, the number of VIP fibers decreased (p < 0.05) by 9-14 yr of age, but remained constant thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Postnatal development of sympathetic and sensory innervation of the rhesus monkey ovary. 128 72

Immunohistochemical staining of arteries supplying the dog forepaw showed a dense distribution of nerve fibers which were immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) around the vascular walls. The density of each immunoreactive fiber tended to increase in the peripheral branch of the vascular tree. Retrograde axonal tracing with Fast Blue from the artery revealed that these immunoreactive fibers originated from NPY-containing catecholaminergic as well as VIP/SP/CGRP-containing non-catecholaminergic neurons in the stellate ganglion and SP/CGRP-containing neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of segments C7 to Th1. After stellate ganglionectomy, TH-, NPY-, and, VIP-immunoreactive fibers disappeared completely from the arterial walls while approximately 40% of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers remained. The present results indicate that the artery of the dog forepaw receive triple innervation of adrenergic sympathetic, non-adrenergic sympathetic, and sensory fibers, and suggest that about 40% of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers are of sensory origin.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the sympathetic and sensory innervation to the blood vessels of the dog forepaw. 130 3

A syngeneic transplantation of 150 islets into the subcapsular renal space was performed on normoglycemic or alloxan-induced diabetic male C57BL/6 mice. Six, 8, 14, or 20-21 wk after transplantation, the graft-bearing kidney was removed and processed for microscopical examinations with indirect immunofluorescence for neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase, and with acetylcholinesterase staining to visualize nerve fibers within the graft. Six weeks after implantation, only a few scattered nerve fibers were observed within the grafts. A progressive increase in the number of nerves was observed until 14 wk after transplantation, after which, a stable level was reached. Alloxan-induced diabetic mice showed quantitatively and qualitatively similar reinnervation to normoglycemic mice 20 wk after transplantation. The findings demonstrate the presence of sympathetic nerve fibers (containing tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y), mainly accompanying ingrowing blood vessels; parasympathetic nerve fibers (containing acetylcholinesterase and vasoactive intestinal peptide), possibly reaching the graft from the adjacent renal capsule; and afferent nerve fibers (containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide), which were less numerous. The data suggest that transplanted islets become reinnervated by ingrowth of nerve fibers from the implantation organ and that several types of nerves are present.
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PMID:Reinnervation of syngeneic mouse pancreatic islets transplanted into renal subcapsular space. 134 84

The uterus and vagina of the guinea pig have been examined, region by region, for acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, as well as for the neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, enkephalin and somatostatin. No acetylcholinesterase activity was localized in the uterus, though it was present in associated paracervical ganglion tissues. Of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was found virtually throughout the reproductive tract, whereas aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity was restricted in its distribution. Neuropeptide distribution was quite varied. Neuropeptide Y was found throughout the endometrium/submucosa but only in the muscularis of the vagina and not in the myometrium. Substance P was localized in the vagina and uterine horn, though not the body of the uterus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in all regions of the endometrium/submucosa, but not in the myometrium of the uterine horn. Enkephalin and somatostatin were not localized in any part of the reproductive tract examined, apart from paracervical ganglion tissues. The types and significance of the nerves supplying the reproductive tract are discussed.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides in the female guinea-pig uterus and vagina. 135 70

To investigate synaptic mechanisms in taste buds and collect information about synaptic transmission in these sensory organs, we have examined taste buds of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus for the presence of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Immunocytochemical staining at the light microscopic level revealed the presence of serotonin-like and cholecystokinin-like (CCK) immunoreactivity in basal cells in the taste bud. Nerve fibers innervating taste buds were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide-like (VIP), substance P-like, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like (CGRP) or compounds closely related to these substances. Immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the taste cells and nerve fibers was absent. These data suggest that serotonin, CCK, VIP, substance P, and CGRP are involved in synaptic transmission or neuromodulation in the peripheral organs of taste. No evidence was found for cholinergic or adrenergic mechanisms on the basis of the absence of immunocytochemical staining for key enzymes involved in these two transmitter systems.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical survey of putative neurotransmitters in taste buds from Necturus maculosus. 138 95

Retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry have identified the location within the rat pelvic plexus of neurons which project to the vas deferens, and their neurochemical properties. The fluorescent tracers, Fast Blue and FluoroGold, were injected into the wall of the vas deferens and labelled neurons located within the ventral part of the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) and the adjacent accessory ganglia (AG). Most neurons were located in ganglia ipsilateral to the injection site. Noradrenergic neurons were defined as those containing immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Five groups of dye-labelled neurons could be identified immunohistochemically, noradrenergic neurons containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) (60-70%), and four types of non-noradrenergic neurons, NPY-only neurons (5-10%), NPY neurons containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (3-5%), neurons containing only VIP (15-25%) and neurons containing galanin (GAL) (2-5%). Noradrenergic axons, and axons containing NPY or GAL were primarily located within the muscle, whereas most VIP axons were found as a dense plexus within the lamina propria. Very few peptide-containing varicose nerve terminals surrounded dye-labelled (vas deferens-projecting) pelvic neurons. Thus, no peptide marker was found for most of the preganglionic inputs supplying postganglionic neurons which project to the vas deferens. These studies have shown that pelvic neurons supplying the vas deferens have a discrete location within the rat pelvic ganglia and that they comprise at least five neurochemical groups, providing innervation to the muscle and lamina propria. The preganglionic connections with these noradrenergic and non-noradrenergic (possible cholinergic) pathways, and further examination of the role of mucosal innervation remain to be determined.
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PMID:Location and peptide content of pelvic neurons supplying the muscle and lamina propria of the rat vas deferens. 140 23

The lymphatic vessels conduct lymph fluid, proteins, and potentially antigenic material from the interstitium back to the bloodstream via lymph nodes, where solids are removed by phagocytic cells and recirculating lymphocytes and immunoglobulins are added. Immunostaining for two general neuronal markers, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a cytoplasmic ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, and synaptophysin, a calcium-binding four-span integral synaptic vesicle membrane glycoprotein, disclosed an abundant innervation of the large femoral lymphatic vessels in rats. This confirms and extends earlier findings based on nonspecific intravital methylene blue and silver impregnation staining methods. Nerves containing neuropeptide Y, C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y, and tyrosine hydroxylase, markers of noradrenergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers, were frequent whereas immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, a neuropeptide present in many cholinergic parasympathetic nerve fibers, was sparse suggesting possible sympathetic and parasympathetic influences. Furthermore, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-containing fibers were also present in the walls of lymphatic vessels suggesting a possible sensory influence in the coordinated myogenic responses. By comparison to normal light microscopy, confocal microscopy was found useful to trace the perihilar penetration of blood and afferent lymphatic vessels in lymph nodes. PGP 9.5-immunoreactive fibers were found in and around lymph nodes suggesting that there is a neural regulation of lymphoid node function. Because of their distribution, peptide-containing nerves may participate in regulating the capacity of the lymphatic pumping activity, and may possibly exert paracrine effects on lymphocytes.
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PMID:Peptide-containing innervation of rat femoral lymphatic vessels. 160 41

Acute peripheral axotomy of the visceral sensory neurons of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves removes peripheral depolarizing and trophic influences to their sensory ganglia. To study axotomy-induced changes in the putative neurotransmitters of visceral sensory neurons, rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 7 or 14 days after transection of either the cervical vagus and superior laryngeal nerves (to affect peripheral axotomy of the nodose ganglion) or the glossopharyngeal and carotid sinus nerves (to affect peripheral axotomy of the petrosal ganglion). The numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-ir, calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP)-ir, and substance P (SP)-ir neurons in the respective ganglia were analyzed in axotomized and control ganglia. In the nodose ganglion, axotomy of the cervical vagus resulted in a rapid (by 1 day) reduction in the number of TH-ir cells, whereas VIP-ir neurons were dramatically increased in number by 3 days. CGRP- and SP-ir cells in the nodose ganglion were relatively unaffected by axotomy. In the petrosal ganglion, axotomy of the glossopharyngeal and carotid sinus nerves greatly reduced the number of TH-ir cells but did not alter the number VIP-ir neurons. CGRP- and SP-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were reduced in number by axotomy. Thus, axotomy of visceral sensory neurons differentially changed the content and perhaps the expression of putative transmitters. Differential changes were seen among transmitters in a single ganglia and between ganglia. These data demonstrate the plasticity of putative neurotransmitter systems in visceral afferent systems of adult rats.
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PMID:Axotomy alters putative neurotransmitters in visceral sensory neurons of the nodose and petrosal ganglia. 168 May 28

The anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG) of the male guinea-pig has been found to consist of three principal components. The presence of a cholinergic component was determined by the demonstration of cytoplasmic and nerve fibre acetylcholinesterase activity. A noradrenergic component was demonstrated by immunoreactivity (IR) of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in neuronal perikarya. The AMPG also had a peptidergic component which may or may not sub-classify the cholinergic and noradrenergic components. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactivities were seen in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres and nerve terminals/varicosities, while somatostatin (SOM)-IR was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Substance P (SP)-IR was present in a dense network of varicose nerve fibres. However, on a rare occasion SP-IR was observed in neuronal perikarya. Enkephalin (ENK)-IR occurred in a sparsely distributed plexus of varicose nerve fibres. The analysis of adjacent serial sections demonstrated distinct patterns of neuropeptide coexistence in AMPG neurons. NPY-IR was colocalised to a subpopulation of TH-IR neuronal perikarya. NPY-IR was also colocalised with VIP-IR in non-TH-IR neuronal perikarya. VIP-IR occurred together with AChE in particular neuronal perikarya. The relationship between immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and immunoreactive nerve terminals was investigated. SP-IR nerve terminals were closely related to neuronal perikarya exhibiting VIP-, NPY-, or TH-IR. TH-IR neuronal perikarya were also abutted by ENK-IR nerve terminals. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were abutted by two nerve terminal types: one immunoreactive for VIP, the other for NPY. DBH-IR neuronal perikarya received AChE-positive varicosities while AChE-positive neurons were abutted by DBH-IR varicose nerve fibres. AChE-positive varicosities were also closely related to neuronal perikarya possessing VIP-IR and AChE activity.
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PMID:Specific patterns of immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the anterior major pelvic ganglion of the male guinea-pig. 168 Aug 42


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