Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
 14,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunoreactivity for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme involved in the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine, was present in the basal epidermis and upper dermis in 16 patients with psoriasis. The amount of immunoreactivity was increased tenfold in involved compared to uninvolved skin as characterized by computer-assisted image analysis. In skin from healthy volunteers no immunoreactivity could be found. In our subjects, no immunoreactivity was observed for the other catecholamine synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase; dopa-decarboxylase; dopamine-beta-hydroxylase), apart from single tyrosine hydroxylase positive adrenergic vascular nerves. Furthermore, in psoriasis, the immunoreactivity pattern of the peptides somatostatin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and bombesin was in agreement with skin from healthy volunteers.
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PMID:Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in psoriasis. An immunohistochemical study on catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides of the skin. 243 7

Substance P (SP) and catecholamines, particularly adrenaline, have been implicated in cardiovascular responses mediated by neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL). Immunoperoxidase labeling of an antiserum against SP and/or immunoautoradiographic localization of catecholamine (tyrosine hydroxylase-TH)- or adrenaline (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-PNMT)-synthesizing enzymes were examined histologically to determine the cellular basis for a functional interaction involving either synaptic or intracellular relations between these putative transmitters in the adult rat RVL. Peroxidase labeling for SP was localized in perikarya, dendrites, and axon terminals. Most of these perikarya were located medial and ventral to those labeled with TH or PNMT within the same section. However, as others have previously demonstrated by light microscopy, colocalization of SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and PNMT was seen in a few perikarya of colchicine treated animals. Both single- and dual-labeled perikarya contained abundant dense core vesicles. The terminals with SPLI were 0.4-1.4 micron in diameter and contained a few mitochondria, a large population of small, clear vesicles, and from three to 11 large dense core vesicles. In some cases the terminals were seen in continuity with more proximal processes of neurons in the RVL. These terminals formed synapses with a few perikarya and many dendrites, some of which also contained SPLI. In the material dually labeled for TH and SP, terminals with SPLI (n = 32) formed synaptic junctions primarily with TH-labeled dendrites (69%); the remainder were with TH-labeled perikarya (6%) or with unlabeled dendrites (25%). The axosomatic junctions were exclusively symmetric, whereas the majority of axodendritic junctions were primarily asymmetric on small dendrites (0.8-1.0 micron in diameter) or dendritic spines. In sections dually labeled for PNMT and SP, the terminals containing SPLI (n = 37) formed synaptic associations with PNMT-labeled perikarya (11%), PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites (59%), or with perikarya and dendrites lacking PNMT immunoreactivity (30%). The axosomatic junctions were all symmetric and most often associated with the spinous portion of the soma. The axodendritic junctions were primarily asymmetric and were found both on the spinous portion of the PNMT-labeled dendrites. In addition, both TH- and PNMT-labeled somata and dendrites received symmetric and asymmetric contacts from terminals lacking SPLI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Ultrastructural characterization of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in relation to neurons containing catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. 245 38

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) was injected into the rat adrenal gland. After 3 days the rat CNS was processed immunohistochemically to demonstrate viral antigen. In the lower thoracic spinal cord viral antigen was found in neurons in the intermediolateral column. In the medulla oblongata HSV1-positive neurons were found in the raphe pallidus and in the C1 and C3 regions of the rostral medulla. Approximately 50% of HSV1-positive neurons in the C1 and all the HSV1-positive neurons in the C3 area also contained phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and were thus identified as C1 and C3 cells. The HSV1-positive neurons in the C1 region which did not contain PNMT were also negative for tyrosine hydroxylase and were therefore not catecholamine-synthesizing neurons. The HSV1-positive neurons in the medulla oblongata were presumably transsynaptically labelled from the adrenal gland and our study therefore provides neuroanatomical evidence supporting the view that some C1 neurons are involved in controlling the function of the adrenal gland.
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PMID:PNMT-containing neurons in the rostral medulla oblongata (C1, C3 groups) are transneuronally labelled after injection of herpes simplex virus type 1 into the adrenal gland. 255 51

Fifteen years ago epinephrine cells were shown to be present in the medulla oblongata of the rat. These cell groups (C1 and C2) were thought to supply the epinephrine innervation in the rest of the central nervous system. In this study I demonstrate the presence of epinephrine-producing neurons in the forebrain of the young rat. Neurons that are immunopositive for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.29) are present in the central nucleus of the amygdala as well as in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Neurons in the same location are also immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase [tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2]. The phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunopositivity disappears by day 35, while a small amount of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells still can be found in the adult. In situ hybridization reveals tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the above nuclei in both young and adult animals. The number of the positive cells decreases in adulthood. RNA blot-hybridization analysis showed the presence of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase mRNA in the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the young and in the adult rat brain. Neurons that are immunopositive for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase are also present in the human amygdala.
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PMID:Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-containing neurons in the limbic system of the young rat. 256 64

The indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to analyze the catecholaminergic neurons in the medulla oblongata of the rat for the presence of enkephalin (ENK)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity (LI). In colchicine pretreated animals, using a double staining technique with mouse and rabbit antibodies against ENK and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), it was demonstrated that both TH- and ENK-LI occurred in the same neurons, particularly in many neurons of the A1 noradrenaline cell group. In the transition zone to the C1 adrenaline cell group, a proportion of PNMT-positive cells also contained ENK-LI. In the rostral and mid portion of the C1 group only few TH/PNMT-positive cells were found to be ENK-positive. In the noradrenergic A2 region, a moderate number of cell bodies also contained TH- plus ENK-LI, whereas only a few of the adrenaline cells of the C2 and C3 groups showed ENK-LI. In addition, with an elution restaining technique it was possible to demonstrate that several of the cells containing TH- and ENK-LI were also positive for NPY-LI. The present findings demonstrate that a subpopulation of the catecholaminergic neurons in the medulla oblongata of the rat is ENK-positive, thereby indicating a possible co-release of the two compounds in their projection areas, for example the paraventricular nucleus and the spinal cord.
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PMID:Evidence for the occurrence of an enkephalin-like peptide in adrenaline and noradrenaline neurons of the rat medulla oblongata. 256 45

The localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid, was studied in newborn rat retroperitoneal sympathetic tissue, i.e. the main retroperitoneal paraganglion, adrenal medullae and abdominal sympathetic ganglia using the indirect immunofluorescence method. The coexistence of GAD with the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) was analyzed in consecutive sections or by staining one section consecutively with different antisera. GAD immunoreactivity was observed only in some cell types of each organ studied. In the main retroperitoneal paraganglion, the small, intensely TH-immunoreactive, paraganglion-type cells were GAD-immunoreactive, while the larger moderately TH-immunoreactive, neuron-like cells were non-reactive for GAD. In the adrenal medulla, GAD immunoreactivity was localized only in the adrenaline-synthesizing, PNMT-immunoreactive chromaffin cells. The noradrenaline-synthesizing, i.e. the TH-immunoreactive cells with no PNMT immunoreactivity, were non-reactive for GAD. In the abdominal sympathetic ganglia, some small intensely TH-immunoreactive cells were GAD-immunoreactive, while the principal neurons were non-reactive for GAD. These results provide immunohistochemical evidence that GAD is present and is colocalized with catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in various sympathetic tissues of the newborn rat. The present results indicate that GAD is localized in adrenaline-synthesizing cells of all the sympathetic tissues studied. A fraction of noradrenaline-synthesizing cells of retroperitoneal sympathetic tissues, excluding the adrenal medulla, also contains GAD.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in the retroperitoneal sympathetic tissue of the newborn rat. 256 32

Adrenergic input to the rat substantia innominata (SI) was studied by immunocytochemical localization of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the synthetic enzyme for adrenaline. Using primary antibodies derived from different species, we demonstrated in double-immunofluorescence labeling experiments that all PNMT-immunoreactive fibers in SI are also immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase, the synthetic enzyme for dopamine. This result indicates that the PNMT immunoreactive axons in SI are indeed adrenergic fibers.
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PMID:Adrenergic innervation of the substantia innominata: co-localization of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities within the same axons. 257 9

Cold stress is known to increase the synthesis and release of catecholamines in the sympathoadrenal system. Previously, we have demonstrated that cold exposure results in a 3- to 4-fold increase in adrenomedullary tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity, which is mediated by concomitant alterations in TH mRNA and protein levels. To further investigate the effects of stress on the expression of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, we have isolated a rat cDNA clone encoding the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). The cDNA clone is 905 nucleotides in length and contains a single open reading frame corresponding to 270 amino acids. The amino acid sequence predicted from this nearly full-length cDNA is 89% and 86% identical to that of bovine and human PNMT, respectively. Using the rat PNMT cDNA as a hybridization probe, we have measured the effects of cold stress on the relative abundance of adrenomedullary PNMT mRNA. Levels of PNMT protein were also estimated using an immunoblot analysis. As in the case of TH, cold exposure resulted in a rapid and prolonged increase in PNMT mRNA abundance, followed by concomitant increases in PNMT immunoreactivity. However, there appear to be quantitative and qualitative differences in the adaptive response of TH and PNMT to cold stress.
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PMID:Isolation of a rat adrenal cDNA clone encoding phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and cold-induced alterations in adrenal PNMT mRNA and protein. 257 95

The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-immunoreactive cells of the medulla are closely associated with cardiovascular control in both the cat and rat. Although it is often the species of choice for cardiovascular studies, no previous study had characterized these cell groups in the dog. The TH- and PNMT-immunoreactive cells of the dog were distributed much as they are in both cat and rat but with some species variations, which may be indicative of their functional role.
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PMID:Localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunoreactive cells in the medulla of the dog. 257 22

The present study investigated the organization and distribution of amygdaloid axons within the various brainstem dopaminergic, noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups. This was accomplished via Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin lectin (PHA-L) anterograde tracing technique combined with glucose-oxidase immunocytochemistry to catecholamine markers (i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase). Injections of PHA-L within the medial part of the central amygdaloid nucleus resulted in axonal labeling within most catecholamine containing cell groups within the brainstem. The most heavily innervated catecholaminergic groups were the A9 (lateral) cells of the substantia nigra, the A8 dopaminergic cells of the retrorubral field and the C2 adrenergic cells of nucleus of the solitary tract. Amygdaloid terminals frequently contacted cells within these regions. A moderate amount of amygdaloid terminals were located within the rostral A6 (locus coeruleus) and A2 (nucleus of the solitary tract) groups. Amygdaloid terminal contacts were apparent on the majority of the rostral A6 and A2 neurons. Light or no amygdaloid terminal labeling was observed within the other brainstem catecholaminergic cell groups. Thus, the amygdala mainly innervates the A8 and lateral A9 dopaminergic cells of midbrain, rostral locus coeruleus (A6) noradrenergic neurons and the adrenergic (C2) and noradrenergic (A2) cells within the nucleus of the solitary tract. Selective innervation of these brainstem catecholaminergic systems may be important for integration of amygdaloid-mediated defensive and stress-induced behaviors.
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PMID:The amygdalo-brainstem pathway: selective innervation of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and adrenergic cells in the rat. 271 61


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