Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Pivot Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
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Target Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
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Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Query: EC:1.14.16.2 (
tyrosine hydroxylase
)
14,760
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
The hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) and hypothalamus-sympathetic-chromaffin cell (HSC) axes are involved in the regulation of the stress response in teleost. In this regard, the activation of a complex network of endocrine players is needed, including corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Crh), Crh binding protein (Crhbp), proopiomelanocortin (Pomc),
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(Trh), arginine vasotocin (Avt), and isotocin (It) to finally produce pleiotropic functions. We aimed to investigate, using the gilthead sea bream (
Sparus aurata
) as a biological model, the transcriptomic response of different endocrine factors (
crh, crhbp, pomc
s,
trh
), neuropeptides (
avt
and
it
), and their specific receptors (
avtrv1a, avtrv2
, and
itr
) in four important target tissues (hypothalamus, pituitary, kidney and liver), after an acute stress situation. We also investigated several stress hormones (catecholamines and cortisol). The stress condition was induced by air exposure for 3 min, and hormonal, metabolic and transcriptomic parameters were analyzed in a time course response (15 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 4, and 8 h post-stress) in a total of 64 fish (
n
= 8 fish per experimental group;
p
= 0.05; statistical power = 95%). Our results showed that plasma noradrenaline, adrenaline and cortisol values increased few minutes after stress exposure. At hypothalamic and hypophyseal levels, acute stress affected mRNA expression of all measured precursors and hormonal factors, as well as their receptors (
avtr
s and
itr
), showing the activation, at central level, of HPI, HSC, and Avt/It axes in the acute stress response. In addition, stress response also affected mRNA levels of
avtr
s and
itr
in the head kidney, as well as the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (
star
) and
tyrosine hydroxylase
(
th
) expression, suggesting their participation in the HPI and HSC axes activation. Moreover, the pattern of changes in hepatic
avtr
s and
itr
gene expression also highlights an important role of vasotocinergic and isotocinergic pathways in liver metabolic organization after acute stress events. Our results demonstrate, both at transcriptional and circulating levels of several hormones, the existence of a complex activation of different endocrine pathways in
S. aurata
related to the stress pathways, where vasotocinergic and isotocinergic systems can also be considered key players of the acute stress response orchestration.
...
PMID:Impact of Air Exposure on Vasotocinergic and Isotocinergic Systems in Gilthead Sea Bream (
Sparus aurata
): New Insights on Fish Stress Response. 2948 39
Multiple neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses are regulated by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Previous studies have shown that PVH neurons express the growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR), although the role of GH signaling on PVH neurons is still unknown. Given the great heterogeneity of cell types located in the PVH, we performed a detailed analysis of the neurochemical identity of GH-responsive cells to understand the possible physiological importance of GH action on PVH neurons. GH-responsive cells were detected via the phosphorylated form of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (pSTAT5) in adult male mice that received an intraperitoneal GH injection. Approximately 51% of GH-responsive cells in the PVH co-localized with the vesicular glutamate transporter 2. Rare co-localizations between pSTAT5 and vesicular GABA transporter or vasopressin were observed, whereas approximately 20% and 38% of oxytocin and
tyrosine hydroxylase
(TH) cells, respectively, were responsive to GH in the PVH. Approximately 55%, 35% and 63% of somatostatin,
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(
TRH
) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons expressed GH-induced pSTAT5, respectively. Additionally, 8%, 49% and 75% of neuroendocrine TH,
TRH
and CRH neurons, and 67%, 32% and 74% of nonneuroendocrine TH,
TRH
and CRH neurons were responsive to GH in the PVH of Fluoro-Gold-injected mice. Our findings suggest that GH action on PVH neurons is involved in the regulation of the thyroid, somatotropic and adrenal endocrine axes, possibly influencing homeostatic and stress responses.
...
PMID:Neurochemical phenotype of growth hormone-responsive cells in the mouse paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. 3284 36
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