Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.14.14.3 (luciferase)
38,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adiponectin, the adipose-derived cytokine, plays an important role in preventing metabolic syndromes. To develop new adiponectin inducers, eight species of ferulic esters and amides, and five related compounds were synthesized and tested on the stimulation of adiponectin production in mouse 3T3-L1 and normal human preadipocytes. The ferulamides with an aromatic ring in the N-substituent are very active in inducing adiponectin as compared with the known active compounds, curcumin, [6]-gingerol, and capsaicin, and furthermore the activities of these ferulamides are remarkably stronger than those of the corresponding esters or the straight chain octylamide. The most active compound, N-(2-phenylethyl)ferulamide (7), was found to activate the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) gamma-RXR (retinoid X receptor) alpha heterodimeric complex in the PPRE (PPAR-responsive element)-driven luciferase reporter assay. The adiponectin production by 7 is synergistically enhanced by coaddition of a PPARgamma-specific agonist, pioglitazone (PGZ), or another PPARgamma agonist, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in cultured preadipocytes. The compound 7 alone did not show a statistically significant effect on the plasma adiponectin level in KK-A(y)/Ta mice, while 1% 7 in the diets significantly lowered the blood glucose and triglyceride levels and 0.3% 7 mixed with DHA oil in the diets significantly increased the adiponectin level as compared with the control. These results suggest that the present ferulamides would be useful lead compounds in developing more potent agents for treatment of metabolic syndromes through promoting the endogenous adiponectin production, and that such an activity is possibly enhanced by the coadministration with DHA.
...
PMID:Induction of adiponectin by natural and synthetic phenolamides in mouse and human preadipocytes and its enhancement by docosahexaenoic acid. 1816 2

Syndecan 1 is the major proteoglycan produced by epithelial cells. It is strategically localized at the plasma membrane to participate in growth factor signaling and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Its expression may modulate the properties of epithelial lineage tumor cells in which it is generally down-regulated compared with nontumor progenitors. The present study examined the regulation of syndecan 1 in prostate epithelial cells by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In prostate tissue of mice, syndecan 1 immunostaining was demonstrated in epithelial cells throughout each gland. In animals fed an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet, syndecan 1 mRNA was increased in all prostate glands. In the human prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, delivery of exogenous n-3 (but not n-6) fatty acids resulted in up-regulation of syndecan 1 expression. This effect was mimicked by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonist, troglitazone, and inhibited in the presence of a PPARgamma antagonist and in cells transfected with dominant negative PPARgamma cDNA. Using a luciferase gene driven either by a PPAR response element or by a DR-1 site present in the syndecan 1 promoter, reporter activation was increased by n-3 low density lipoprotein, docosahexaenoic acid, and troglitazone, whereas activity of a luciferase gene placed downstream of a mutant DR-1 site was unresponsive. These findings indicate that syndecan 1 is up-regulated by n-3 fatty acids by a transcriptional pathway involving PPARgamma. This mechanism may contribute to the chemopreventive properties of n-3 fatty acids in prostate cancer.
...
PMID:In vivo and in vitro regulation of syndecan 1 in prostate cells by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1845 Jul 55

The dried, immature fruit of Citrus aurantium L., 'Zhiqiao' in Chinese, has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Naringenin and hesperetin and their glycosides present in considerable amounts (about 10 approximately 15%) in the herb. The aim of this study is to test whether naringenin and hesperetin influence adiponectin expression, which plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism with antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Treatment with naringenin and hesperetin enhanced adiponectin transcription in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Both naringenin and hesperetin induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma-controlled luciferase expression in a dose-dependent manner (20-160 microM), whereas only naringenin possessed significant activity to activate PPARalpha. These results suggested the two flavonoids might exert antiatherogenic effects partly through activating PPAR and up-regulating adiponectin expression in adipocytes. Our findings give new insight for the molecular explanations for the therapeutic effects of Zhiqiao.
...
PMID:Naringenin and hesperetin, two flavonoids derived from Citrus aurantium up-regulate transcription of adiponectin. 1869 Jun 15

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen intermediates has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and neurodegenerative disorders. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), a terminal dehydration product of prostaglandin D(2), is an endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and exhibits a number of biological activities including the proapoptotic activity. Recent studies have revealed that this cyclopentenone prostaglandin, at non-toxic concentrations, can also exert antiapoptotic or cytoprotective effects. In this study, the underlying mechanisms involved in the protective effects of 15d-PGJ(2) on the H2O2-induced cytotoxicty were explored using cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. PC12 cells treated with H2O2 underwent apoptosis, which was attenuated by pretreatment with non-toxic concentrations of 15d-PGJ(2). Treatment of the PC12 cells with 15d-PGJ(2) resulted in increased nuclear translocation, DNA-binding and transcriptional activity of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), leading to upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which provided an adaptive survival response against the H2O2-derived oxidative cytotoxicity. Transfection of PC12 cells with dominant-negative Nrf2 gene abolished the 15d-PGJ(2)-derived induction of HO-1 expression. Moreover, the 15d-PGJ(2)-mediated increases in Nrf2-ARE binding and ARE luciferase activity were suppressed by the dominant-negative mutation as well as the pharmacological inhibition of Akt/protein kinase B or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Taken together, these findings suggest that 15d-PGJ(2) augments cellular antioxidant defense capacity through activation of Akt and ERK signal pathways that leads to Nrf2 activation, and subsequently HO-1 induction, thereby protecting the PC12 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative cell death.
...
PMID:15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) rescues PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of heme oxygenase-1: potential roles of Akt and ERK1/2. 1877 81

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), a protein in the lymphocyte antigen 6 (Ly-6) family, plays a key role in the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. GPIHBP1 binds lipoprotein lipase and chylomicrons and is expressed along the luminal surface of microvascular endothelial cells. Lipolysis is known to be regulated by metabolic factors and is controlled at multiple levels, including the number of LPL binding sites on capillaries. Here, we tested the possibility that GPIHBP1 expression could be regulated by dietary perturbations and by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Gpihbp1 transcript levels in the heart and in brown and white adipose tissue increased with fasting and returned toward baseline after refeeding. A PPARgamma agonist increased Gpihbp1 expression in adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle, whereas PPARalpha and PPARdelta agonists had no effect. Gpihbp1 was expressed in endothelial cells of embryoid bodies generated from mouse embryonic stem cells, and Gpihbp1 expression in embryoid bodies was up-regulated by a PPARgamma agonist. Sequences upstream from exon 1 of Gpihbp1 contain a strong PPAR binding site, and that site exhibited activity in a luciferase reporter assay. Gpihbp1 transcript levels in brown and white adipose tissue were lower in endothelial cell PPARgamma knockout mice than in littermate control mice, suggesting that PPARgamma regulates Gpihbp1 expression in vivo. We conclude that GPIHBP1 is regulated by dietary factors and by PPARgamma.
...
PMID:The expression of GPIHBP1, an endothelial cell binding site for lipoprotein lipase and chylomicrons, is induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. 1878 41

Although thiazolidinediones were designed as specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma-ligands, there is evidence for some off-target effects mediated by a non-PPARgamma mechanism. Previously we have shown that rosiglitazone has antiinflammatory actions not explicable by activation of PPARgamma,but possibly by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Rosiglitazone induces nuclear translocation both of GR-green fluorescent protein, and endogenous GR in HeLa and U20S cells but with slower kinetics than dexamethasone. Rosiglitazone also induces GR phosphorylation (Ser211), a GR ligand-binding-specific effect. Rosiglitazone drives luciferase expression from a simple glucocorticoid-response element containing reporter gene in a GR-dependent manner (EC50 4 microm), with a similar amplitude response to the partial GR agonist RU486. Rosiglitazone also inhibits dexamethasone-driven reporter gene activity (IC50 2.9 microm) in a similar fashion to RU486, suggesting partial agonist activity. Importantly we demonstrate a similar effect in PPARgamma-null cells, suggesting both GR dependence and PPARgamma independence. Rosiglitazone also activates a GAL4-GR chimera, driving a upstream activating sequence promoter, demonstrating DNA template sequence independence and furthermore enhanced steroid receptor coactivator-1-GR interaction, measured by a mammalian two-hybrid assay. Both ciglitazone and pioglitazone, structurally related to rosiglitazone, show similar effects on the GR. The antiproliferative effect of rosiglitazone is increased in U20S cells that overexpress GR, suggesting a biologically important GR-dependent component of rosiglitazone action. Rosiglitazone is a partial GR agonist, affecting GR activation and trafficking to influence engagement of target genes and affect cell function. This novel mode of action may explain some off-target effects observed in vivo. Additionally, antagonism of glucocorticoid action may contribute to the antidiabetic actions of rosiglitazone.
...
PMID:Thiazolidinediones are partial agonists for the glucocorticoid receptor. 1880 8

Cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) type III (CRBP-III) belongs to the family of intracellular lipid-binding proteins, which includes the adipocyte-binding protein aP2. In the cytosol, CRBP-III binds retinol, the precursor of retinyl ester and the active metabolite retinoic acid. The goal of the present work is to understand the regulation of CRBP-III expression and its role in lipid metabolism. Using EMSAs, luciferase reporter assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that CRBP-III is a direct target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). Moreover, CRBP-III expression was induced in adipose tissue of mice after treatment with the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone. To examine a potential role of CRBP-III in regulating lipid metabolism in vivo, CRBP-III-deficient (C-III-KO) mice were maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD). Hepatic steatosis was decreased in HFD-fed C-III-KO compared with HFD-fed wild-type mice. These differences were partly explained by decreased serum free fatty acid levels and decreased free fatty acid efflux from adipose tissue of C-III-KO mice. In addition, the lack of CRBP-III was associated with reduced food intake, increased respiratory energy ratio, and altered body composition, with decreased adiposity and increased lean body mass. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in brown adipose tissue was increased in C-III-KO mice, and C-III-KO mice were more cold tolerant than wild-type mice fed an HFD. In summary, we demonstrate that CRBP-III is a PPARgamma target gene and plays a role in lipid and whole body energy metabolism.
...
PMID:Cellular retinol-binding protein type III is a PPARgamma target gene and plays a role in lipid metabolism. 1884 Jul 64

The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) functions as the "master switch" in adipocyte development and is important in regulating glucose metabolism. PPAR-gamma is rapidly degraded in adipocytes by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway under basal and ligand-activated conditions. Proteasome inhibition increases PPAR-gamma activity, indicating disposal of PPAR-gamma by the ubiquitin proteasome system regulates PPAR-gamma activity. However, the signals and factors required for recognition of PPAR-gamma by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway are unknown. To begin understanding how the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway interacts with PPAR-gamma, we designed a series of constructs containing each PPAR-gamma domain expressed as a fusion protein with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain. The ability of each PPAR-gamma domain to alter the stability of the GAL4 DNA-binding domain and to undergo ubiquitylation was assessed via western blot analysis. In addition, luciferase reporter assays were used to assay PPAR-gamma transcriptional activity. Using this approach, we determined that the AF-1 and ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of PPAR-gamma are targeted to the proteasome for degradation. However, only the LBD is conjugated to ubiquitin. The AF-2 helix of the LBD is required for maximum ubiquitylation, but is not essential for ligand-dependent ubiquitin conjugation. Finally, luciferase reporter assays show a fully functional ubiquitin system is required for PPAR-gamma activation. These results indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is an integral determinant of PPAR-gamma activity, targeting PPAR-gamma for proteasomal degradation via ubiquitin independent and ubiquitin dependent mechanisms.
...
PMID:PPAR-gamma AF-2 domain functions as a component of a ubiquitin-dependent degradation signal. 1914 22

The concentrative nucleoside transporter-1 (CNT1) is a member of the solute carrier 28 (SLC28) gene family and is expressed in the liver, intestine, and kidneys. CNT1 mediates the uptake of naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleosides, but also nucleoside analogs used in anticancer and antiviral therapy. Thus expression levels of CNT1 may affect the pharmacokinetics of these drugs and the outcome of drug therapy. Because little is known about the transcriptional regulation of human CNT1 gene expression, we have characterized the CNT1 promoter with respect to DNA response elements and their binding factors. The transcriptional start site of the CNT1 gene was determined by 5'-RACE. In silico analysis revealed the existence of three putative binding sites for the nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF-4alpha) within the CNT1 promoter. A luciferase reporter gene construct containing the CNT1 promoter region was transactivated by HNF-4alpha in human cell lines derived from the liver, intestine, and kidneys. Consistent with this, we showed in electromobility shift assays that HNF-4alpha specifically binds to two conserved direct repeat-1 motifs within the proximal CNT1 promoter. In cotransfection experiments, the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha further increased, whereas the bile acid-inducible corepressor small heterodimer partner reduced, HNF-4alpha-dependent CNT1 promoter activity. Consistent with the latter phenomenon, CNT1 mRNA expression levels were suppressed in primary human hepatocytes upon bile acid treatment. Supporting the physiological relevance and species conservation of this effect, ileal Cnt1 mRNA expression was decreased upon bile acid feeding and increased upon bile duct ligation in mice.
...
PMID:Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha and bile acids regulate human concentrative nucleoside transporter-1 gene expression. 1922 84

The zinc finger-containing transcription factors Egr1 (Krox24) and Egr2 (Krox20) have been implicated in the proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. Egr2 has earlier been shown to play a positive role in adipocyte differentiation, but the function of Egr1 in this context is unknown. We compared the roles of Egr1 and Egr2 in the differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Egr1 protein was rapidly induced after addition of differentiation cocktail, whereas Egr2 protein initially remained low before increasing on days 1 and 2, concomitant with the disappearance of Egr1. In marked contrast to the effects of Egr2, differentiation was inhibited by ectopic expression of Egr1 and potentiated by knockdown of Egr1. The pro-adipogenic effects of Egr1 knockdown were particularly notable when isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) was omitted from the differentiation medium. However, knockdown of Egr1 did not affect CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)beta protein expression or phosphorylation of CREB Ser133. Further, Egr1 did not directly affect the activity of promoters for the master adipogenic transcription factors, C/EBPalpha or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2, as assessed in luciferase reporter assays. These data indicate that Egr1 and Egr2 exert opposing influences on adipocyte differentiation and that the careful regulation of both is required for maintaining appropriate levels of adipogenesis. Further, the pro-differentiation effects of IBMX involve suppression of the inhibitory influence of Egr1.
...
PMID:The transcription factors Egr1 and Egr2 have opposing influences on adipocyte differentiation. 1922 50


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---