Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.14.11.2 (prolyl hydroxylase)
 1,814 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We characterized the immunophenotype as well as functional properties--phagocytosis, the uptake of acetylated LDL, and the expression of HLA class II antigens, adhesion molecules, and cytokine mRNA--of fibroblast-like synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Skin fibroblasts (FB) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were studied in parallel. Cytofluorometric immunophenotyping by use of 84 mAb and 2 lectins and immunofluorescence microscopy indicated a high degree of homology between the three cell types. Only staining with mAb to von Willebrand factor (vWF) and CD31 and the lectin UEA-I appeared specific to HUVEC, whereas the mAb 5B5 to prolyl 4-hydroxylase that has been reported to be specific to FB stained HUVEC as well as synoviocytes and FB. All of the cells phagocytosed fluorescent latex beads of 1.7 and 2.6 microns in size. The uptake of acetylated LDL could be shown by HUVEC and, surprisingly, by synoviocytes, but not by FB. The induction of HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ by IFN-gamma on the three cell types showed a similar dose-dependence. The upregulation of ICAM-1 by IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma appeared similar, whereas the induction of VCAM-1 by IL-1 alpha, IL-4, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma showed differences between the three cell types. ELAM-1 was expressed only on HUVEC after treatment with IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha. The capacity of the cells to produce cytokines was studied at the level of mRNA by reverse transcription and PCR. All three cell types expressed the mRNA of IL-1 alpha, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, and TGF-beta 1 spontaneously or after LPS stimulation, but never TNF-alpha mRNA. Our results indicate a high degree of relationship between the three cell types. In contrast to HUVEC, none of the markers and functional properties investigated appear specific to FB. Therefore, the issue of the origin of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and the role of vascular endothelial cells in the inflamed synovium is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of the immunophenotype and functional properties of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in comparison to skin fibroblasts and umbilical vein endothelial cells. 808 88

Fetal placental vessels develop and adapt in order to supply the fetus with nutrients. Immunostaining by antibodies against blood clotting factors, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion molecules, intermediate and contractile filaments, matrix components and enzymes give an overall view useful in assessing cell differentiation in placental villi. Endothelial cells stained positively for thrombomodulin, von Willebrand factor, CD34, CD31, cadherin-5, phalloidin and alpha 3-integrin. Trophoblastic cells were positive for cytokeratin, alpha 5 and alpha V integrins, L-prolyl hydroxylase and phalloidin. Myocytes from the media of stem villi exhibited positive vimentin, desmin, alpha-sm-actin and sm-myosin reactions but were CD26 negative. Myofibroblasts were vimentin, desmin, CD26, alpha-sm-actin and sm-myosin positive. Perivascular cells of intermediate and terminal villi were alpha-sm-actin, sm-myosin and anti-high molecular weight melanoma associated antigen (HMWMAA) positive. Trophoblastic and endothelial basement membranes were collagen IV positive. The most specific endothelial markers were cadherin-5, observed only at paracellular clefts, and von Willebrand factor. For perivascular cells, alpha-sm-actin, sm-myosin and HMWMAA provided a specific labeling. Differences in labeling intensity were noted along the cross section of the villous tree (vimentin, desmin, actin, myosin inward gradient). A continuity in the contractile function along the vessel length was indicated by alpha-sm-actin and sm-myosin positive cells, contrasting with the decreased von Willebrand reaction intensity. These data are discussed in relation to cell function and compared to cell culture results.
 ...
PMID:Immunostaining of vascular, perivascular cells and stromal components in human placental villi. 1009 44

Little is known about the presence, frequency, and in vivo proliferative potential of stromal cells within blood-derived hematopoietic transplants. In this study, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice were injected with human CD34(+) peripheral blood cells (PBCs) or cord blood cells (CBCs, either enriched for CD34 or density-gradient separated mononuclear cells). Flow cytometric analysis 5 to 11 weeks after transplantation revealed the presence of a human lymphomyeloid hematopoiesis within the murine bone marrow. Immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow cell suspensions using human-specific antibodies showed human cells staining positive for human fibroblast markers, human von Willebrand factor (vWF) and human KDR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) in mice transplanted with CD34(+) PBCs or CBCs, with mean frequencies between 0.6% and 2.4%. In stromal layers of bone marrow cultures established from the mice, immunohistochemical staining using human-specific antibodies revealed flattened reticular cells or spindle-shaped cells staining positive with human-specific antifibroblast antibodies (mean frequency, 2.2%). Cell populations of more rounded cells stained positive with human-specific antibodies recognizing CD34 (1.5%), vWF (2.2%), and KDR (1.6%). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and subsequent complementary DNA sequencing detected transcripts of human KDR (endothelial specific) and human proline hydroxylase-alpha (fibroblast specific) within the bone marrow and spleen of transplanted mice. Analysis of nontransplanted control mice yielded negative results in immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Cells expressing endothelial and fibroblast markers were also detected in the grafts before transplantation, and their numbers increased up to 3 log in vivo after transplantation. These results indicate that stromal progenitor cells are present in human cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood or cord blood that engraft in NOD/SCID mice. (Blood. 2000;96:3971-3978)
 ...
PMID:Donor stromal cells from human blood engraft in NOD/SCID mice. 1109 86

Angiogenesis requires the deposition of type IV collagen by endothelial cells into the basement membrane of new blood vessels. Stabilization of type IV collagen triple helix depends on the hydroxylation of proline, which is catalyzed by the iron-containing enzyme prolyl hydroxylase. This enzyme, in turn, requires ascorbic acid to maintain the enzyme-bound iron in its reduced state. We hypothesized that dietary ascorbic acid might be required for tumor angiogenesis and, therefore, tumor growth. Here, we show that, not surprisingly, ascorbic acid is necessary for the synthesis of collagen type IV by human endothelial cells and for their effective migration and tube formation on a basement membrane matrix. Furthermore, ascorbic acid depletion in mice incapable of synthesizing ascorbic acid (Gulo(-/-)) dramatically restricts the in vivo growth of implanted Lewis lung carcinoma tumors. Histopathological analyses of these tumors reveal poorly formed blood vessels, extensive hemorrhagic foci, and decreased collagen and von Willebrand factor expression. Our data indicate that ascorbic acid plays an essential role in tumor angiogenesis and growth, and that restriction of ascorbic acid or pharmacological inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase may prove to be novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of cancer.
 ...
PMID:Depletion of ascorbic acid restricts angiogenesis and retards tumor growth in a mouse model. 1732 43

The plasticity of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) is promising, but differentiation in vitro toward endothelial cells is poorly understood. Flow cytometry demonstrated that hASCs isolated from excised fat tissue were positive for CD29, CD44, CD70, CD90, CD105, and CD166 and negative for the endothelial marker CD31, and the hematopoietic cell markers CD34 and CD133. hASCs differentiated into adipocytes after cultivation in adipogenic medium. Exposure of hASCs for 10 days under hypoxia (3% oxygen) in combination with leptin increased the percentage of CD31(+) endothelial cells as well as CD31, VE-Cadherin, Flk-1, Tie2, von Willebrand factor, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. This was enhanced on co-incubation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and leptin, whereas VEGF alone was not sufficient. Moreover, hASCs cultured on a matrigel surface under hypoxia/VEGF/leptin, showed a stable branching network. Hypoxic conditions significantly decreased apoptosis as evaluated by cleaved caspase-3, and increased prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 mRNA expression. Hypoxia increased expression of VEGF as well as leptin transcripts, which were significantly inhibited on co-incubation with either VEGF or leptin or a combination of both. Furthermore, leptin treatment of hypoxic cells increased the expression of the long/signaling form of the leptin receptor (ObRL), which was augmented on co-incubation with VEGF. The observed endothelial differentiation was dependent on the Akt pathway, as co-administration with Akt inhibitor abolished the observed effects. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that hASCs can be efficiently differentiated to endothelial cells by mimicking the hypoxic and pro-angiogenic microenvironment of adipose tissue.
 ...
PMID:Hypoxia, leptin, and vascular endothelial growth factor stimulate vascular endothelial cell differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. 2413 22