Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.11.1.7 (peroxidase)
65,474 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The axoplasmic retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from axon terminals to their parent cell bodies and histochemical fluorescence microscopy have been used to study the ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbs and anterior olfactory nucleus in the rabbit. Focal injections of peroxidase were placed unilaterally into the main or accessory olfactory bulb or into the anterior olfactory nucleus. In animals with injected HRP confined within the main bulb, perikarya retrogradely labeled with the protein in the ipsilateral forebrain were observed in the anterior prepyriform cortex horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, and far lateral preoptic and rostral lateral hypothalamic areas. Brain stem cell groups that contained HRP-positive somata include the locus coeruleus and midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. Except for the prepyriform cortex, the basal forebrain structures with labeled perikarya correlate well with locations of cell bodies containing acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase. These somata may represent a cholinergic afferent system to the main olfactory bulb. Peroxidase-labeled cell bodies in the locus coeruleus and midbrain raphe are indicative of noradrenergic and serotonergic innervations respectively of the olfactory bulb. In rabbits in which peroxidase was injected or diffused into the accessory olfactory bulb and anterior alfactory nucleus, HRP-positive somata were identified in the prepyriform cortex bilaterally, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus, lateral hypothalamic region, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, corticomedial complex of the amygdala, mitral and tufted cell layers of the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb, locus coeruleus, and the midbrain raphe. Evidence for centrifugal fibers to the accessory olfactory bulb from the corticomedial complex of the amygdala, locus coeruleus, and possibly the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and midbrain raphe is discussed. A similar distribution of labeled perikarya in the forebrain and brain stem was seen in rats in which peroxidase injected into the main olfactory bulb had spread into the accessory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus. Histochemical fluorescence microscopy of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rabbit and rat revealed fine caliber, green fluorescent fibers and varicosities predominantly in the granule cell layer and less so among cells in the glomerular layer. In sections through the root of the main olfactory bulb, a similar fluorescence was seen in the deep half of the plexiform layer of the pars externa of the anterior alfactory nucleus. These fluorescent fibers likely represent the noradrenergic innervation of the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. A fluorescent yellow hue was observed in the glomerular layer of the main bulb and may signify a serotonergic innervation of this lamina...
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PMID:Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. III. The ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. 6 70

The projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) have been analyzed with anterograde degeneration and autoradiographic methods for identifying axonal projections, and with the horseradish peroxidase method for identifying the distribution of neurons from which these projections originate. The cytoarchitectonic features of the paleocortical areas which receive projections from the main and the accessory olfactory bulb have also been described. The efferent projections of the accessory olfactory bulb are distributed to the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the medial amygdaloid area, the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid area, and to the caudal portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In contrast, the efferent projections of the main olfactory bulb are distributed to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the tenia tecta, the olfactory tubercle, the pyriform cortex, the anterior cortical amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid area, and to the lateral entorhinal cortex. These observations are consistent with the notion that the olfactory system can be divided into at least two major subsystems: one related to the vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb, and another related to the main olfactory organ and main olfactory bulb. The paleocortical areas receiving olfactory projections have three basic layers: a superficially positioned plexiform layer (layer I), a pyramidal cell layer (layer II), and a polymorphic cell layer (layer III). The projections of both the main and the accessory olfactory bulb terminate in the outer portion of the plexiform layer (sublamina Ia). Sublamina Ia contains the distal segments of dendrites which originate from a heterogeneous population of neurons located in layer II and, to a lesser extent, layer III. Although the efferent projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb are segregated, evidence for a more refined topographical organization within these projections was not obtained. However, the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons in the main olfactory bulb, following injections of horseradish peroxidase into its various paleocortical targets, indicates that the olfactory projections to these areas may not all originate from the same population of cells.
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PMID:Efferent projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis). 6 61

The islands of Calleja (IC) in the rate are composed of seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band. The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the IC and surrounding cells, studied using Nissl-stained and Golgi-Kopsch material, are described. In addition, the afferent and efferent connections of the IC were analyzed using fluorescence histochemistry, the autoradiographic tracing method, and the anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase methods. Topographically organized projections to the IC from the dopamine-containing cells of the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area are demonstrated by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method and the autoradiographic tracing technique. Anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase studies provide evidence for reciprocal, topographically organized interconnections between the IC and the septum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and piriform cortex. These observations indicate that the IC constitute a unique population of granule cells, located in the olfactory tubercle, innervated by dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon and interconnected with olfactory and non-olfactory components of the basal forebrain.
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PMID:The islands of Calleja: organization and connections. 8 Apr 12

beta-Bungarotoxin (beta-BT) was applied to chick embryos at 3-day intervals beginning on the fourth day of incubation to investigate ultrastructurally the effects of chronically and massively applied beta-BT on various nervous tissues and muscles. On the twenty-first day of incubation, spinal cords of beta-BT treated embryos were conspicuously decreased in size. Ventral root fibers dorsal root fibers, white matter, and motor neurons disappeared. Although spinal ganglia and sympathetic trunk ganglia were completely absent, Auerbach's and Meissner's ganglia nerve cells in the small intestine and adrenal medullary cells were not affected. In retinas of beta-BT treated animals ganglion cells and optic nerve fibers disappeared, but photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells remained intact. Furthermore, olfactory nerve cells and their unmyelinated nerve fibers ensheathed by Schwann cells were quite undamaged. Skeletal muscles degenerated, whereas cardiac muscles were unaffected. In the present study various nervous tissues of the twenty-first day normal chick embryos were incubated with beta-BT and target cells of beta-BT were detected directly by the reaction with horseradish peroxidase labelled anti beta-BT guinea pig IgG. Motor nerve cells in the spinal cords, spinal and sympathetic ganglia nerve cells, ganglion cells and some nerve cells at the inner part of the inner nuclear layer in the retinas were positively stained, whereas Auerbach's and Meissner's ganglia nerve cells in the small intestine, adrenal medullary cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells in the retina and olfactory nerve cells were negative. Thus the present study shows the beta-BT has extensive destructive effects on various nerve cells which were revealed to be target neurons of beta-BT by immunocytochemistry. Those nerve cells, affected by beta-BT and positively stained with immunocytochemical reaction were supposed to have different characteristics from unaffected cells. One of the differences between these affected cells and unaffected cells may be whether there exist binding sites for beta-BT on the plasma membrane or not. The possibility of the use of beta-BT to characterize various nervous tissues is presented in the present study.
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PMID:Characterization of various nervous tissues of the chick embryos through responses to chronic application and immunocytochemistry of beta-bungarotoxin. 35 Sep 14

Immunocytochemical techniques locating neurotransmitter-synthsizing enzymes are currently being employed to determine the nature of transmitters associated with individual neurons. The use of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase Fab (PAP Fab) complex modified from Sternberger's PAP method, among several other immunocytochemical methods is recommended for the visualization of antigens in cerebral tissues. The enzyme fixed in nervous tissues is reacted with anti-enzyme produced in rabbits followed by incubation with goat-anti-rabbit serum. Subsequent application of PAP Fab complex prepared separately results in a formation of a complex composed of enzyme: anti-enzyme: goat-anti-rabbits: PAP-Fab. The enzymes can be visualized under light and electron microscope by the deposition produced by the action of peroxidase on 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. Thus, the antibody to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was employed to identify GABAergic neurons in central nervous system of rodents. Specific staining for GAD was highly localized in close association with synaptic vesicles in certain axon terminals including basket, Golgi and the Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellum. The distribution of GAD observed in immunocytochemical preparations was consistent with indirect biochemical, physiological and morphological data dealing with the synaptic role of GABA neurons in the cerebellum. The correlation of the immunocytochemical distribution of GABA neurons in the spinal cord, substantia nigra, olfactory bulb, retina and Ammon's horn with physiological and biochemical results can also been obtained. The method has been successfully employed to visualize dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and substance P. DBH, as an indicative enzyme for noradrenergic (NA) neurons, was highly localized in the neuronal soma of the locus coeruleus and in synaptic varicosities in the stria terminalis associated with synaptic vesicles. Association of substance P in probable primary afferent terminals with large vesicles also supports the synaptic function of the compound in the spinal cord.
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PMID:[Immunocytochemical technique--Application for identifying GABA neurons (author's transl)]. 35 33

The cortical projection of the thalamic mediodorsal nuclear complex (MD) in the rabbit was mapped retrograde horseradish peroxidase and anterograde tritiated proline techniques. The projection field occupied the entire medial wall rostral to a mid corpus callosal level, wrapped around the frontal pole onto the lateral convexity and tailed off caudally on the dorsal bank of the rhinal sulcus. The projection of the lateral approximately one-half of MD, the half which does not receive olfactory input, was confined to medial cortex supply all but the most rostral region. This projection field of lateral MD was precisely organized in two dimensions with the most lateral part projecting most caudally and the most dorsal part projecting most ventrally. A representation for the third, anterior-posterior (A-P), dimension was not evident since any cortical point within the field was supplied by a cylinder of cells extending the entire A-P extent of lateral MD. The medial half of MD, which does receive olfactory input, projected to the remaining rostral medical cortex, the lateral convexity and rhinal sulcal region. The inverse dorsoventral relationship was partially preserved and on overlapping A-P gradient was present with sulcal projections originating more caudally in medial MD and the rostral medial projection originating more rostrally.
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PMID:Cortical projections of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rabbit. 62 2

The association and commissural fiber systems arising in the olfactory cortical areas caudal to the olfactory peduncle (the piriform cortex, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, periamygdaloid cortex and entorhinal cortex) have been studied utilizing horseradish peroxidase as both an anterograde and a retrograde axonal tracer. In the piriform cortex two sublaminae within layer II (IIa and IIb) layer III have been found to give rise to distinctly different projections. Retrograde cell labeling experiments indicate that the association fiber projection from layer IIb is predominatnly caudally directed, while the projection from layer III is predominantly rostrally directed. Cells in layer IIa project heavily to areas both caudal and rostral to the piriform cortex. The commissural fibers from the piriform cortex are largely restricted in their origin to layer IIb of the anterior part of the piriform cortex and in their termination on the contralteral side to the posterior part of the piriform cortex and adjacent olfactory cortical areas. A projection to the olfactory bulb has also been found to arise from cells in layers IIb and III of the ipsilateral piriform cortex, but not in layer IIa. In addition to those from the piriform cortex, association projections have also been found from other olfactory cortical areas. The nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract has a heavy bilateral projection to the medial part of the anterior piriform cortex and the lateral part of the olfactory tubercle (as well as a lighter projection to the olfactory bulb); both the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala and the periamygdaloid cortex project ipsilaterally to several olfactory cortical areas. The entorhinal cortex has been found to project to the medial parts of the olfactory tubercle and the olfactory peduncle. The olfactory tubercle is the only olfactory cortical area from which no association fiber systems (instrinsic or extrinsic) have been found to originate. A broad topographic organization exists in the distribution of the fibers from several of the olfactory areas. This is most obvious in the anterior part of the olfactory cortex, in which fibers from the more rostral areas (the anterior olfactory nucleus and the anterior piriform cortex) terminate in regions near the lateral olfactory tract, while those from more caudal areas (the posterior piriform cortex and the entorhinal cortex) terminate in areas further removed, both laterally and medially, from the tract. Projection to olfactory areas from the hypothalamus, thalamus, diagonal band, and biogenic amine cell groups have been briefly described.
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PMID:Association and commissural fiber systems of the olfactory cortex of the rat. 63 78

The afferent connections of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rat were examined by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into one or the other of these structures either by microelectrophoresis or by hydraulic pressure. Alternate sections were stained with newly developed HRP-procedures using either benzidine dihydrochloride (de Olmos and Heimer, '77) or tetramethyl-benzidine. Eighteen to twenty-four hours after unilateral HRP injections confined to the main olfactory bulb, a large number of HRP-labeled perikaria appeared in the following telencephalic structures on the ipsilateral side: All portions of the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) except its external part, the lateral transitional field (LT) between AON and the paleocortex, the whole extent of the primary olfactory cortex (POC); the medial forebrain bundle area deep to the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (NHDB) and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (NLOT). A moderate to small number of labeled cells, furthermore, were seen in the dorsal (DT) and medial (MT) transition fields, the ventral praecommissural hippocampus (tt2), the ventral superficial part of the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band (NVDB), the sublenticular part of the substantia innominata (SI), the anterior amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C2) and the transition region (28 L') between the olfactory cortex and the lateral entorhinal area proper. On the contralateral side a large number of labeled cells were found in all parts of the AON, with especially heavy labeling in its external part. A moderate number of labeled cells could also be detected in the lateral transition field (LT) and the NLOT. In the diencephalon and the brain stem a moderate number of HRP-labeled perikaria were observed in the dorsal, perifornical, and lateral hypothalamus, as well as in locus coeruleus and the dorsal and medial raphae nuclei. Following large HRP injections in the main olfactory bulb a moderate to small number of labeled cells were seen also in the posterior and premammillary hypothalamus and in field CA1 of the retrocommissural hippocampus on the ipsilateral side, as well as in POC on the contralateral side. It is possible, however, that the uptake of label took place in an undetected pool of HRP in the very rostal part of AON rather than in the olfactory bulb. HRP injections in the accessory olfactory bulb resulted in labeled neurons in the posterior ventro-lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the rostrodorsal portions of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, and the whole extent of the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C3) on the ipsilateral side. A few lightly labeled cells were seen also in the contralateral C3.
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PMID:The afferent connections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb formations in the rat: an experimental HRP-study. 69 Feb 66

The afferent connections of the habenular complex in the rat were examined by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into discrete portions of the habenular nuclei by microelectrophoresis. 1. HRP deposits confined to the lateral half of the lateral habenular nucleus labeled a multitude of cells in the entopeduncular nucleus. Numerous labeled cells also appeared in such cases in the lateral hypothalamus, indicating that the lateral habenular nucleus is a major convergence point of projections from these otherwise apparently quite separate cell regions. Moderate-to-small numbers of labeled cells were also found in the nuclei of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area and more caudally, in the ventral tegmental area, the region of the mesencephalic raphe, and the central gray substance. 2. HRP injected into the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus labeled cells in the same regions, but more in the diagonal band and fewer in the entopeduncular nucleus than were labeled by more lateral injections. The contrast suggests that the projections from the basal forebrain and entopeduncular nucleus to the lateral habenular nucleus are somewhat topographically organized. 3. Injections of the medial habenular nucleus labeled an abundance of cells in the posterior parts of the supracommissural septum, but also a small number of cells in the diagonal band and mesencephalic raphe. 4. HRP injected into the stria medullaris labeled cells in all of the afore-mentioned areas and, in addition, cells in several olfactory structures, confirming that HRP may be taken up by fibers of passage and label their cells of origin, and suggesting that olfactory structures contribute fibers to the stria medullaris that do not terminate in the habenula.
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PMID:Afferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study, with a note on the fiber-of-passage problem. 84 80

Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the neocortex of squirrel monkeys, rats, tree shrews and one opossum, in the brain stem of one squirrel monkey and rats, and in the olfactory bulb, the corpus vitreum or the vascular system of rats. Following the cortical, brain stem and bulbar injections labeled cells were found (predominatly ipsilaterally) in the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain: nucleus of the diagonal band, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and nucleus basalis. These nuclei may, therefore, be classified together hodologically as well as cytologically and histochemically. The number of labeled cells was proportional to the size of the injected region. It is uncertain whether the same cells project to all target regions. Large labeled cells were found scattered among pallidal and entopeduncular neurons in rats with cortical or brain stem injections. These neurons may be the equivalent to the nucleus basalis in other species.
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PMID:Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain project to neocortex, brain stem, and olfactory bulb. Review of some functional correlates. 117 77


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