Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.11.1.7 (peroxidase)
65,474 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pattern of projection of the rat medial lemniscus was studied by axonal transport labeling following injections of tritiated leucine, proline and/or adenosine, or of horseradish peroxidase for retrograde identification of the neurons of origin. The vast majority of neurons in the gracile, cuneate, and principal trigeminal nuclei contribute to an almost totally crossed projection primarily to the thalamic ventrobasal complex. Additional thalamic components were traced to specific sites within the "posterior group," including a medial component largely traversed by lemniscal axons and a caudolateral component lying between the principal nucleus of the medial geniculate and ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate. We have designated this latter zone "intermediate geniculate," distinguishing a somatosensory portion of the geniculate group on the basis of its myelo- and cytoarchitecture, as well as its connections. Other projections replicated in several animals included the zona incerta and nearby sectors of the substantia nigra; three distinct mesencephalic arrangements within the deep layers of the superior colliculus, the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus, and the intercollicular nucleus; the anterior pretectal nucleus; dorsal sectors of the inferior olivary complex and the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex. The results are compared with findings in other species (with emphasis on the caudal thalamic region) in an attempt to resolve some of the apparent inconsistencies in nomenclature.
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PMID:An axonal transport study of the ascending projection of medial lemniscal neurons in the rat. 615 30

We have used two neuroanatomical tracing techniques to study the trigeminocollicular projection in the cat. In one series of experiments we injected [3H]proline into the alaminar division of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and analyzed the distribution and pattern of anterogradely transported label within the superior colliculus. These autoradiographic data reveal that the trigeminocollicular projection: (1) is primarily contralateral; (2) reaches only the rostral 60-70% of the colliculus; and (3) terminates in a discontinuous, patch-like tier within the middle of the dorsal-ventral axis of the stratum griseum intermediale (SGI). The patches of label measure approximately 330 micrometer in the medial-lateral dimension and 250 micrometer in the dorsal-ventral extent. There seems to be an alignment of the patches in the rostral-caudal direction, suggesting that the trigeminal input forms longitudinal columns in the colliculus. Anterogradely transported protein is also present within the stratum griseum profundum (SGP). In contrast to the patch-like pattern present in the SGI, label in the SGP is more diffusely distributed. In a second series of experiments we injected horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) into the spinal trigeminal nucleus. While the distribution and pattern of the contralateral trigeminocollicular axons is similar to that in the autoradiographic experiments, patches of anterogradely transported HRP-WGA are also present within the ipsilateral SGI and SGP. Furthermore, the HRP-WGA data reveal groups of retrogradely labeled collicular neurons which lie in intimate association with the patches of anterogradely transported tracer. Our findings are discussed in relation to other collicular afferents which terminate in a patch-like manner within the SGI. We hypothesize that the colliculus contains many vertically oriented modules. Each module consists of tectopetal axon terminals -- arranged in sandwich fashion -- and functionally related collicular (tectofugal) neurons.
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PMID:The trigeminocollicular projection in the cat: patch-like endings within the intermediate gray. 616 48

Anatomical and electrophysiological methods were used to map the vocal control nuclei of the budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus. Beginning with the motor nucleus of the syrinx, nuclei were located using antidromic stimulation and then injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Retrogradely transported HRP labeled afferents to the injected nucleus. This procedure was repeated at successively higher levels along the vocal pathway. Connections found using this strategy then were confirmed using anterograde transport of HRP and/or tritiated proline and orthodromic electrical stimulation. We found that the primary vocal control pathway consisted of (1) the motor nucleus innervating the trachea and syrinx, nXIIts; (2) an archistriatal nucleus, RA; and (3) a neostriatal nucleus, "HVc." These nuclei correspond to similar, possibly homologous, nuclei in the vocal control pathway of the canary (Nottebohm, F., T. M. Stokes, and C. M. Leonard (1976) J. Comp. Neurol. 165: 457-486) but, because of differences in gross brain morphology, are displaced considerably in absolute position. Furthermore, the projection from RA to the motor nucleus is bilateral in the budgerigar, whereas the same connection is strictly ipsilateral in the canary. The projection of the motor nucleus to muscles of the vocal organ is also bilateral in the budgerigar (Manogue, K. R., and F. Nottebohm (1981) J. Compl. Neurol., in press) but ipsilateral in the canary. the possible significance of these species differences for lateralization of motor control is discussed.
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PMID:Bilateral organization of the vocal control pathway in the budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus. 617 31

Following single injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the superior colliculus (SC) and [3H]proline in the striate cortex of rats, a close correspondence was observed in the topographical arrangements of extrastriate cortical fields of HRP retrograde label and of isotope anterograde label. These results support the notion that extrastriate cortex is divided into multiple physiologically and anatomically defined areas, and they suggest that these areas project separately to SC.
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PMID:The projection from striate and extrastriate cortical areas to the superior colliculus in the rat. 618 Aug

In primate primary visual cortex, staining for cytochrome oxidase reveals a regular array of blob-like structures, most prominent in layers II and III but also present in layers V and VI. In an attempt to learn more about the input to these blobs, we injected the lateral geniculate bodies of macaques and squirrel monkeys with [3H]proline or horseradish peroxidase and looked in the cortex for transported label. As expected, label was present in layers IVa, IVc alpha, IVc beta, and VI. In addition, both methods revealed an array of puffs deep in layer III. Seen in tangential sections, the puffs precisely matched the cytochrome blobs. These results indicate a projection from the lateral geniculate body to the blob regions deep in layer II/III, either indirect via layer IV or more likely direct. In area 18 stained for cytochrome oxidase, we also observed complex banding patterns; these were remarkably similar to the pattern found after [3H]proline or horseradish peroxidase injection and were also similar to the pattern produced with 2-deoxyglucose labeling after stimulation with vertical or horizontal stripes; the proline and peroxidase labels probably represent a projection from the pulvinar to area 18.
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PMID:Thalamic inputs to cytochrome oxidase-rich regions in monkey visual cortex. 619 14

Attempts were made to determine the central projections of ganglion cells innervating individual semicircular ducts in the monkey by implanting or injecting tritiated amino acids (leucine and/or proline), or horseradish peroxidase (HRP), selectively into a single ampulla. Central transport via the vestibular ganglion in animals receiving isotope implants or injections fell into three categories: (1) transport from ganglion cells innervating all receptive elements of the labyrinth, (2) transport from ganglion cells innervating the three semicircular ducts, and (3) transport from cells of the inferior vestibular ganglion innervating the posterior semicircular duct. Transneuronal transport of isotope was observed in secondary vestibular fibers in animals where proline was used and survival exceeded 12 days. Transneuronal labeling of secondary auditory fibers was independent on the [3H]amino acid used, and occurred with survivals of 10 or more days. HRP implanted into the ampulla of the lateral semicircular duct in several animals produced retrograde transport to efferent vestibular and cochlear neurons, but did not result in transganglionic labeling of primary vestibular or auditory fibers. Primary vestibular fibers terminate throughout the superior (SVN) and medial vestibular nuclei (MVN). Within SVN, terminals are most pronounced in its central large-celled portion, but extend into peripheral parts of the nucleus, except for a small medial area near its junction with the oral pole of MVN. Primary projections to MVN are homogenously distributed throughout the nucleus excepting a small circular area of sparse terminals along its ventral margin. Primary vestibular afferents terminate mainly in rostral and caudal portions of the inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN), but do not reach cell group 'f'. Projections to the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) are restricted to its ventral part. Primary projections to the accessory vestibular nuclei reach the interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve (NIVN) and cell group 'y'. Fibers project beyond the vestibular nuclei (VN) to terminate ipsilaterally in the accessory cuneate nucleus (ACN), the subtrigeminal lateral reticular nucleus (SLRN), and well-defined portions of the reticular formation (RF). Projections to SVN and MVN are derived primarily from ganglion cells innervating the semicircular ducts, while projections to caudal IVN, cell group 'y' and ACN are related mainly to macular portions of the vestibular ganglion. NIVN receives both macular and duct afferents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Distribution of primary vestibular fibers in the brainstem and cerebellum of the monkey. 620 Jan 86

A new method is described for combining 3H-proline and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as anterograde neuronal tracers. By this method the presence of both substances can be demonstrated in the same histological section. We developed this method to investigate the retinofugal projections from the two eyes in the cat. One eye was injected with 3H-proline the other with HRP. Cryostat sections of the brain were mounted on emulsion coated slides in the dark. Sections were first exposed to the emulsion for 2-3 weeks at -40 degrees C and developed for autoradiography. Only then they were reacted for HRP-activity with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Keeping to this sequence autoradiographic procedures could not abolish the HRP-reaction product and silver grains and TMB can be visualized on the same slide. The wellknown projection pattern in the lateral geniculate nuclei was confirmed as a control for the new method. In the superior colliculus and in the pretectum a clear overlap of retinal terminals from the two eyes could be demonstrated for the first time.
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PMID:Double labelling of retinofugal projections in the cat: a study using anterograde transport of 3H-proline and horseradish peroxidase. 620 Mar 53

This is a light and electron microscopic study of the retinotectal pathway: intact and after regeneration of the optic nerve. The spatiotemporal pattern of axonal outgrowth and termination was studied with the methods of proline autoradiography, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling, and fiber degeneration. The spatial order of optic fibers in the normal and regenerated pathways was assessed by labeling small groups intraretinally with HRP and then tracing them to the tectum. The labeled fibers occupied a greater fraction of the cross section of the regenerated than the normal optic tract. At the brachial bifurcation, roughly 20% of the regenerated fibers chose the incorrect brachium vs. less than 1% of the normals. In tectum, the regenerated optic fibers reestablished fascicles in stratum opticum, but they were less orderly than in the normals. The retinal origins of the fibers in the fascicles were established by labeling individual fascicles with HRP and then, following retrograde transport, finding labeled ganglion cells in whole-mounted retinas. Labeled cells were more widely scattered over the previously axotomized retinas than over the normal ones. A similar result was obtained when HRP was applied in the tectal synaptic layer. All of these results indicate that the pathway of the regenerated optic fibers is less well ordered than the intact pathway. Both autoradiography and HRP showed that the regenerating optic fibers invaded the tectum from the rostral end, and advanced from rostral to caudal and from peripheral to central tectum, along a front roughly perpendicular to the tectal fascicles. Synapses of retinal origin were noted electron microscopically in the tectum at the same sites where autoradiography indicated that the fibers had arrived. No retinal terminals were seen where grain densities were at background levels. Fiber ingrowth and synaptogenesis apparently occurred simultaneously. The synapses were initially smaller and sparser than in normals, but were in the normal tectal strata and contacted the same classes of post synaptic elements as in normals.
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PMID:A comparison of the normal and regenerated retinotectal pathways of goldfish. 620 May 14

Single injections of a mixture of L-[3H] leucine and L-[3H] proline were made into the centre median-parafascicular complex (CM-Pf) of the cat. The ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) was most heavily labeled at its rostral pole and moderately in the ventral and ventromedial portions of its rostral third. At middle subthalamic levels, label was more sparse and disappeared over the caudal third of the nucleus. Labeled fibers appeared to outline the borders of the STN throughout its rostral half. Control injections of isotope into several other thalamic and mesodiencephalic regions produced no terminal labeling in the cat STN. After horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the cat STN, a small number of the CM-Pf neurons were labeled retrogradely. The labeled neurons were scattered diffusely in the CM-Pf and were not obviously distinguishable from other unlabeled neurons in the nucleus. Single injections of L-[3H] leucine were made into the CM-Pf of the rat. Anterograde labeling was seen in the rostral half of the ipsilateral STN. Heavy labeling was present throughout the most rostral STN, became less prominent more caudally, and was absent from the caudal half of the STN. HRP injections in the rat CM-Pf produced a distribution of anterograde labeling in the STN similar to the isotope injections. It was concluded that a small number of scattered CM-Pf neurons project primarily to rostral region of the STN. Thus, the CM-Pf is in a unique position to regulate the basal ganglia by way of a newly established thalamosubthalamic pathway as well as a widespread, conspicuous thalamostriate pathway in those two mammalian species.
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PMID:Direct projections from the centre median-parafascicular complex to the subthalamic nucleus in the cat and rat. 640 57

Using a combination of anatomical and physiological techniques we have studied some of the neural connections subserving binocular vision in two species of artiodactyl ungulates (the sheep, Ovis sp., and the goat, Capra hircus). After monocular injections of tritiated proline, transsynaptic transport was observed bilaterally in layers 4 and 6 of visual cortical areas V1 and V2, but there were no sharply defined ocular dominance columns of the kind seen in cats and rhesus monkeys. In coronal sections there was a discontinuity in density of labelling between areas V1 and V2 corresponding to a point in the visuotopic map about azimuth - 15 degrees in the ipsilateral visual field. This discontinuity was most pronounced in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injected eye. We conclude, therefore, that while the cortical representation of ipsilateral visual space can be explained by the retino-geniculo-cortical input pathway from the contralateral eye, the physiologically demonstrated cortical contribution to ipsilateral visual space from the ipsilateral eye cannot be explained in this way. This conclusion was reinforced by experiments using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) to retinal ganglion cells in flattened whole mounts. These experiments revealed a sharp nasotemporal decussation in the ipsilateral retina, which could not thereby subserve any significant representation of the ipsilateral visual field. In contrast the contralateral nasotemporal decussation was smeared, with many labelled ganglion cells in the temporal retina which could subserve visual input from the ipsilateral hemifield. When we estimated the projection of the nasotemporal decussation line into visual space, we found that it was tilted from vertical by about 5 degrees in each eye, in a similar way to that already reported in the cat. Neurophysiological recordings from binocular neurons in area V1 with different vertical eccentricities also showed that the vertical horopter (the midsagittal reference plane for binocular vision) would be tilted in life when the cyclotorsional position of the eyes was taken into account. Thus both anatomical and physiological methods concur in the prediction that ungulates have a tilted vertical horopter like that described for two other terrestrial species, the burrowing owl and the cat. Anatomical experiments reveal other similarities between the organisation of the ungulate's visual pathways and that of the cat. For example, after tritiated proline injections in V1, we found visuotopic labelling in the calustrum, dorsal LGN, cortical area V2, and the superior col
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PMID:Some neural connections subserving binocular vision in ungulates. 646 65


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