Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.11.1.7 (peroxidase)
65,474 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The axoplasmic retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from axon terminals to their parent cell bodies and histochemical fluorescence microscopy have been used to study the ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbs and anterior olfactory nucleus in the rabbit. Focal injections of peroxidase were placed unilaterally into the main or accessory olfactory bulb or into the anterior olfactory nucleus. In animals with injected HRP confined within the main bulb, perikarya retrogradely labeled with the protein in the ipsilateral forebrain were observed in the anterior prepyriform cortex horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, and far lateral preoptic and rostral lateral hypothalamic areas. Brain stem cell groups that contained HRP-positive somata include the locus coeruleus and midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. Except for the prepyriform cortex, the basal forebrain structures with labeled perikarya correlate well with locations of cell bodies containing acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase. These somata may represent a cholinergic afferent system to the main olfactory bulb. Peroxidase-labeled cell bodies in the locus coeruleus and midbrain raphe are indicative of noradrenergic and serotonergic innervations respectively of the olfactory bulb. In rabbits in which peroxidase was injected or diffused into the accessory olfactory bulb and anterior alfactory nucleus, HRP-positive somata were identified in the prepyriform cortex bilaterally, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus, lateral hypothalamic region, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, corticomedial complex of the amygdala, mitral and tufted cell layers of the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb, locus coeruleus, and the midbrain raphe. Evidence for centrifugal fibers to the accessory olfactory bulb from the corticomedial complex of the amygdala, locus coeruleus, and possibly the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and midbrain raphe is discussed. A similar distribution of labeled perikarya in the forebrain and brain stem was seen in rats in which peroxidase injected into the main olfactory bulb had spread into the accessory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus. Histochemical fluorescence microscopy of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rabbit and rat revealed fine caliber, green fluorescent fibers and varicosities predominantly in the granule cell layer and less so among cells in the glomerular layer. In sections through the root of the main olfactory bulb, a similar fluorescence was seen in the deep half of the plexiform layer of the pars externa of the anterior alfactory nucleus. These fluorescent fibers likely represent the noradrenergic innervation of the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. A fluorescent yellow hue was observed in the glomerular layer of the main bulb and may signify a serotonergic innervation of this lamina...
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PMID:Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. III. The ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. 6 70

Guinea pig antiserum specific for purified bovine choline acetyltransferase has been shown to cross-react with rabbit enzyme. We used the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method to demonstrate the localization of choline acetyltransferase in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of rabbit spinal cord and cerebellum. In the spinal cord, in agreement with our and others' previous results using immunofluorescent techniques, choline acetyltransferase was found in the cell bodies of the ventral horn motor neurons. In the cerebellum, choline acetyltransferase was localized exclusively in the mossy fibers and the glomeruli of the cerebellar folia. The immunohistochemical findings in the cerebellum reveal the morphological detail of cholinergic axons and their terminals. The results are consistent with published biochemical data on the cerebellar distribution of choline acetyltransferase.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase in rabbit spinal cord and cerebellum. 34 69

Attempts were made to co-define afferents of the oculomotor nuclear complex (OMC) and their putative neurotransmitters in the squirrel monkey. Wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive HRP and coupled to colloidal gold (WGAapoHRP-AU) were used as retrograde tracers in combination with immunocytochemical methods. Primarily unilateral injections were made into portions of the OMC. Stabilized tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and silver enhanced sections were immunoreacted with antisera for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), glutamate (GLU), aspartate (ASP), aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin (5-HT) and cholecystokinin (CCK). Moderate numbers of ChAT-IR neurons in caudal regions of the medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) projected to the OMC. Tracer labeled ChAT-IR cells in the MVN projected ipsilaterally to the ventral nucleus (medial rectus subdivision) of the OMC and bilaterally with contralateral dominance to other OMC subdivisions. Cholinergic neurons in the dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (DPG) projected bilaterally to each half of the OMC. Cells of the DPG, considered to contain inhibitory burst neurons impinging upon the contralateral abducens nucleus, were shown to project to virtually all subdivision of the OMC. Abducens motor neurons were ChAT-IR, but abducens internuclear neurons were not. Cells in caudal parts of the nucleus prepositus (NPP) projecting to the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the OMC were not ChAT-positive; ChAT-IR cells in rostral NPP did not project to the OMC. Unilateral OMC injections labeled cells ipsilaterally in the RiMLF, contralaterally in the pretectal olivary nucleus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the infracerebellar nucleus and bilaterally in the superior vestibular nucleus, none of which were ChAT-IR. A small number of cells in the locus ceruleus projected ipsilaterally to the OMC. Although large numbers of vestibular neurons were GLU-IR and ASP-IR, only a few tracer labeled ASP-IR neurons in the contralateral MVN projected to the OMC. No other GLU- or ASP-positive neurons were immunoreactive for GABA, 5-HT or CCK, but cells of the lateral vestibular nucleus were surrounded by CCK-IR fibers and terminals.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of oculomotor afferents in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). 128 Feb 94

In order to study the relationship between retinal projections and immunohistochemically identified neurotransmitter systems in the primary visual centers of the brain in lizards, intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase were combined with immunohistochemistry. Antibodies raised against six substances were applied: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), serotonin (5-HT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine (DA), substance P (SP), and leu-enkephalin (LENK). In the primary visual centers of the lizards Gekko gecko and Gallotia galloti, notable overlap was observed between retinofugal fibers with: 1) ChAT-immunoreactive fibers in almost all primary visual centers; 2) 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers in the ventral lateral geniculate body and the basal optic nucleus; 3) TH-immunoreactive fibers in the nucleus ovalis and the dorsal lateral geniculate body; 4) SP- and LENK-immunoreactive fibers in the perirotundal belt; and 5) TH- and SP-immunoreactive fibers in the pretectal posterodorsal nucleus. The latter nucleus also contains dopaminergic cell bodies that lie outside the retinal target area but have dendrites extending into it. Several differences were noted in the distribution of 5-HT, TH-, DA-, and LENK-immunoreactive fibers in the tectum of the midbrain in the two species studied. Distinct laminae of 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers (layer 9) and TH- and DA-immunoreactive fibers (layers 9 and 11) are present in G. gecko but absent or, at least, less distinct in G. galloti. On the contrary, the optic layers in the tectum of G. galloti show a rather dense plexus of LENK immunoreactive fibers, whereas the corresponding layers in G. gecko are devoid of LENK-immunoreactivity. Since only a very few ChAT immunoreactive fibers were observed in the optic nerve of G. galloti, most of the observed immunoreactive fibers in the primary visual centers are considered to have an extraretinal origin. Putative sources of the cholinergic, the monoaminergic, and the peptidergic innervation of the primary visual centers in reptiles include the isthmic nucleus, the raphe nuclei, the substantia nigra and the nucleus of the posterior commissure, as reported in other amniotes.
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PMID:Cholinergic, monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of the primary visual centers in the brain of the lizards Gekko gecko and Gallotia galloti. 128 May 14

Enkephalin and substance P-containing inputs to cholinergic perikarya were examined in the rat neostriatum using an ultrastructural immunocytochemical double-labeling protocol. Sections of rat neostriatum were double-labeled for either choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and substance P or ChAT and enkephalin using silver intensified colloidal gold and peroxidase as labels. Regions containing both ChAT-positive neurons and peroxidase reaction product were identified in the light microscope prior to sectioning for electron microscopy. Substance P-containing terminals which contained round synaptic vesicles and made symmetrical synaptic contacts were commonly observed in the neostriatum. Substance P synapses onto ChAT-positive perikarya and dendrites were frequently observed: up to 5 synaptic contacts were observed onto a ChAT-positive dendrite. Enkephalin labeling was also seen in a population of axon terminals containing round synaptic vesicles and exhibiting symmetrical synaptic specializations. In contrast to substance P-containing terminals, relatively few synaptic contacts were observed onto ChAT-positive labeled perikarya and dendrites although enkephalin-labeled terminals were seen in frequent contact with perikarya and dendrites of unlabeled spiny neurons. Since enkephalin and substance P are contained within different populations of striatal spiny neurons, the results of the present study suggest that these two types of neurons differ in their intrinsic striatal connections.
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PMID:Ultrastructural examination of enkephalin and substance P input to cholinergic neurons within the rat neostriatum. 128 May 27

Increasingly strong evidence suggests that cholinergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum play important roles in the control of wakefulness and sleep. To understand better how the activity of these neurons is regulated, the potential afferent connections of the laterodorsal (LDT) and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT) were investigated in the rat. This was accomplished by using retrograde and anterograde axonal transport methods and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was also used to identify the transmitter content of some of the retrogradely identified afferents. Following injections of the retrograde tracer wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into either the LDT or the PPT, labelled neurons were seen in a number of limbic forebrain structures. The medial prefrontal cortex and lateral habenula contained more retrogradely labelled neurons from the LDT, whereas in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala, more cells were labelled from the PPT. Moderate numbers of neurons were seen in the magnocellular regions of the basal forebrain, and many labelled neurons were observed in the lateral hypothalamus, the zona incerta, and the midbrain central gray from both the LDT and the PPT. Accessory oculomotor nuclei in the midbrain as well as eye movement-related structures in the lower brainstem contained some neurons labelled from the LDT, and fewer neurons from the PPT. A few labelled neurons were seen in somatosensory and other sensory relay nuclei in the brainstem and the spinal cord. Retrograde labelling was seen in a number of extrapyramidal structures, including the globus pallidus, entopenduncular and subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra following PPT injections; with LDT injections, labelling was similar in density in the substantia nigra but virtually absent in the entopeduncular and subthalamic nuclei. Data with the fluorescent retrograde tracer fluorogold combined with immunofluorescence indicated that many neurons in the zona incerta-lateral hypothalamic region that were retrogradely labelled from the LDT contained alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Numerous neurons were labelled throughout the reticular formation of the brainstem following either LDT or PPT injections. Many neurons retrogradely labelled in the LDT and PPT, the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, and the locus ceruleus contained choline acetyltransferase, serotonin, and tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively. The anterograde tracers WGA-HRP and phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were used to confirm some of the projections indicated by the retrograde labelling data; anterograde labelling was seen in the LDT and PPT following injections of one of these tracers into the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, and the contralateral LDT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Afferent connections of the laterodorsal and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat: a retro- and antero-grade transport and immunohistochemical study. 128 Nov 70

Immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase (NOS-IR) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT-IR) was detected in the adult rat spinal cord using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Intensely stained NOS-positive neurons with cell processes were observed in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic and sacral segments and around the central canal of all segments. These areas also contained ChAT-IR neurons. A number of small- to medium-sized NOS-IR cells were noted in the superficial and deeper laminae throughout the entire cord. NOS-IR was not detected in the ventral horn motoneurons, which were, however, ChAT-IR. The results indicate that NOS-IR is present in autonomic preganglionic neurons and in selected neurons in the dorsal horn and lamina X, but appears to be absent in motoneurons.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord. 128 59

In this study the Golgi/electron microscopy (EM) technique has been used for an analysis of the fine structure, specific synaptic connections, and differentiation of neurons in the hippocampus and fascia dentata of rodents. In a first series of experiments the specific synaptic contacts formed between cholinergic terminals and identified hippocampal neurons were studied. By means of a variant of the section Golgi impregnation procedure, Vibratome sections immunostained for choline acetyltransferase, the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, were Golgi-impregnated in order to identify the target neurons of cholinergic terminals in the hippocampus. It could be shown with this combined approach that cholinergic septohippocampal fibers form a variety of synapses with different target structures of the Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned hippocampal neurons. In this report cholinergic synapses on the heads of small spines, the necks of large complex spines, dendritic shafts, and cell bodies of identified dentate granule cells are described. The variety of cholinergic synapses suggests that cholinergic transmission in the fascia dentata is a complex event. Next, the Golgi/EM technique was applied to Vibratome sections that contained retrogradely labeled neurons in the hilar region of the fascia dentata following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into the contralateral hippocampus. With this combined approach some of the hilar cells projecting to the contralateral side were identified as mossy cells by the presence of retrogradely transported HRP in thin sections through these Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned neurons. Our findings suggest that the mossy cells are part of the commissural/associational system terminating in the inner molecular layer of the fascia dentata. They are mainly driven by hilar collaterals of granule cell axons that form giant synapses on their dendrites. Finally, the Golgi/EM procedure was used to study the differentiation and developmental plasticity of hippocampal and dentate neurons in transplants and slice cultures of hippocampus. Under both experimental conditions, the differentiating neurons are deprived of their normal laminated afferent innervation but develop their major cell-specific characteristics including a large number of postsynaptic structures (spines). As revealed in thin sections of gold-toned identified cells, all these spines formed synapses with presynaptic boutons suggesting sprouting of the transplanted and cultured neurons, respectively. Altogether, the present report demonstrates the usefulness of the Golgi/EM technique, particularly of the section impregnation procedure, for a variety of studies requiring the identification of individual neurons at the ultrastructural level.
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PMID:Application of the Golgi/electron microscopy technique for cell identification in immunocytochemical, retrograde labeling, and developmental studies of hippocampal neurons. 129 15

The topographic arrangement of globus pallidus neurons sending axons to the subthalamic nucleus, auditory cortex and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus was studied in the rat using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Neurons projecting to the subthalamic nucleus were localized in the rostral part of the globus pallidus, while neurons projecting to the auditory cortex and to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus were located in the caudal part. The two populations of pallidocortical and pallidotegmental neurons were also distributed in a separate manner within the caudal globus pallidus. The former neurons were large and located more ventromedially, whereas the latter were medium-sized and located more dorsolaterally. Using a retrograde fluorescent tracing technique combined with choline acetyltransferase immunofluorescence histochemistry, it was found that a vast majority of pallidocortical neurons expressed choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, and that pallidotegmental neurons rarely exhibited choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity. A method of retrograde tracing with wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase associated to immunohistochemistry for glutamate decarboxylase confirmed the GABAergic nature of the pallidotegmental pathway. The present study revealed the independent nature of the globus pallidus neurons projecting to the subthalamic nucleus, auditory cortex and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Within this cellular arrangement, the presence of functionally distinct neuronal populations at the caudal pallidal level was also identified, with large cholinergic cells innervating the neocortex and medium-sized GABAergic cells "feeding" the mesencephalic tegmentum.
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PMID:Separate neuronal populations of the rat globus pallidus projecting to the subthalamic nucleus, auditory cortex and pedunculopontine tegmental area. 137 16

Using a monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the rat entopenduncular nucleus were found to express choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity. These cholinergic cells were located mostly in the rostral portion of the entopeduncular nucleus with a marked decrease towards its caudal portion. To identify their target sites, a retrograde fiber tracing technique was combined with immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase. After injection of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase into the habenula, some of the entopedunculo-habenular cells were found to be immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase. The cells in the peripallidal region (the substantia innominata, nucleus basalis magnocellularis and ansa lenticularis) with choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity did not contain horseradish peroxidase. Following injection of fluorescent tracer into the frontal cerebral cortex, retrogradely labeled cells were observed in the rostral part of the entopedunucular nucleus. A majority of these entopedunculo-cortical cells exhibited choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, similar to the cells of the peripallidal region projecting to the neocortex. Employing two different fluorescent tracers, entopedunculo-cortical cells were shown to constitute a distinct cell population from the numerous entopedunculo-habenular cells. The present study demonstrated, in the rat entopeduncular nucleus, the presence of cholinergic neurons that projected to the neocortex and habenula.
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PMID:Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat entopeduncular nucleus. 137 18


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