Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.11.1.7 (peroxidase)
 65,474 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the paper are reviewed the author's data on the structure of peripheral nervous system of the body wall, gravitational organs--statocysts, eyes, and organs of distant chemoreception--ommatophors, or posterior head tentacles, of the snails Helix vulgaris and Helix pomatia. Localization in the CNS of central parts of the main sensory systems is shown and some structural characteristics of them are described. The data on the organization of the procerebrum which takes part in processing of information from the receptors of the head tentacles are presented. By some morphological features the procerebrum may be considered as one of the highest associative centers of the snails. The data under consideration were obtained by means of silver impregnation by Golgi, retro- and anterograde infusion of CoCl2, horseradish peroxidase and Lucifer yellow into the nerves, as well as by means of a number of other classical histological techniques.
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PMID:[The structural organization of the snail sensory systems]. 128 83

The hypoglossal nucleus in 129 REJ normal mouse strains was investigated using two neuroanatomical markers, namely the cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. CoCl2 was introduced through the cut end of the hypoglossal nerve. In one set of experiments HRP was injected into the hypoglossal nerve, while in the other it was injected into the tongue musculature. Results show that with these techniques the hypoglossal neurons are conspicuously stained and can be easily located among series of brainstem sections. The mean number +/- SD of neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus was 1,417 +/- 37, 846 +/- 28 and 1,272 +/- 42 using CoCl2 and HRP injected into the tongue musculature or the hypoglossal nerve, respectively. The estimated length of the nucleus was 0.92 mm with the CoCl2 technique.
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PMID:Horseradish peroxidase and cobalt chloride as neuromarkers in the hypoglossal nucleus. 268 41

By means of retrograde transport methods, CoCl2 and horseradish peroxidase, localization and morphological peculiarities of the CNS neurons, that innervate lips and oral area, have been studied in the pond snail (Gastropoda). The neurons, sending their processes into the anterior and middle labial nerves, are found nearly in all ganglia of the parapharyngeal nervous ring on the distal and ventral surface. In the cerebral ganglia they situate as several symmetrical groups. Among the neurons revealed, there are cells with rather local distribution of the terminal branches of the processes in the CNS neuropil and neurons with vast branching areas in the neuropil not only of its own ganglion, but also of the neighbouring ones. The problem concerning the zones of possible intersensory interaction in the cerebral ganglia is discussed and presence in them, together with complex reflectory arches, of bisegmental reflectory arches is considered.
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PMID:[Neurons of the central nervous system innervating the lips and oral area of the pond snail]. 375 23

The ultrastructure of nerve cells and the fine-structural organization of synaptic contacts have been investigated in the intestinal nerve in the snail Helix pomatia. Three types of nerve cells, occurring singly or in groups, can be distinguished on the basis of the ultrastructure of their perikaryon and content of granules. The peripheral output of these nerve cells has been verified by retrograde CoCl2 and NiCl2 staining. Both axosomatic and axo-axonic specialized synaptic contacts occur in the intestinal nerve. Presynaptic elements of these synaptic contacts contain 100-120 nm granular vesicles or 120-200 nm neurosecretory-like granules. Following intracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelling of identified central neurons responsible for peripheral regulatory processes, several labelled axons running toward the periphery can be followed throughout the branches of the intestinal nerve. These labelled axon processes (either primary axon or small collaterals) form specialized synaptic contacts, inside the intestinal nerve, and are always in a postsynaptic position. The occurrence of peripheral axo-somatic and axo-axonic synapses provides a morphological basis for integrative processes taking place in the intestinal nerve (peripheral nervous system) of Helix pomatia.
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PMID:Nerve cells and synaptic connections in the intestinal nerve of the snail, Helix pomatia L. An ultrastructural and HRP study. 398 82

A simple technique is described for simultaneously visualizing the cells of origin of descending brain stem-spinal systems and immunocytochemically defined neurotransmitters. The combination of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry, enhanced by the use of CoCl2, with the unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical staining method, revealed double labeled cells containing black punctate HRP granules within a homogeneous brown cytoplasm stained positively for serotonin (5-HT), substance P or enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. The advantages of this method over other double labeling techniques are discussed.
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PMID:Serotonergic and peptidergic projections to the spinal cord demonstrated by a combined retrograde HRP histochemical and immunocytochemical staining method. 616 36

Three metallic ions, NiCl2, CoCl2, and CuSO4, were found to modify the color of the normally brown diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction. The colors ranged from purplish blue (NiCl2), dark blue/bluish black (CoCl2), to greyish blue (CuSO4). We have found that the CoCl2 + DAB is the ion of choice because: 1) it yields a distinct dark blue color that is easily distinguishable from brown DAB; 2) the blue reaction product is very stable throughout the entire staining procedure; and 3) background staining is minimal. These findings can be applied to the double staining technique of two different antigens in the same section. Among three staining procedures discussed, the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (Co-DAB)-peroxidase-antiperoxidase (DAB) technique produced the best results because: 1) no antibody elution was needed following the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex procedure when the CoCl2-DAB modification was used; and 2) no background staining occurred.
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PMID:Color modification of diaminobenzidine (DAB) precipitation by metallic ions and its application for double immunohistochemistry. 618 85

The morphology of secondary vertical vestibular neurons was investigated by injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into cells connected to the posterior canal system in rabbits (lateral-eyed animals) and cats (frontal-eyed animals). Vestibular neurons were identified by stimulation with bipolar electrodes implanted into the ampullae of the anterior and posterior (PC) semicircular canals of pigmented rabbits; in the cat, these cells were identified by natural and electrical stimulation. Axons monosynaptically activated by PC stimulation were injected with HRP in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). These were later reconstructed by light microscopy after the brains had been processed with a DAB-CoCl2 method. In the rabbit the majority of the axons bifurcated after crossing the midline with one branch ascending and the other descending in the MLF. The ascending branches gave rise to collaterals that terminated in both the trochlear nucleus and the inferior rectus subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus. In addition some axons also sent collaterals into the paramedian pontine reticular formation, the periaqueductal grey and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. The descending branches were followed to the caudal part of the medulla in the MLF and gave rise to collaterals terminating in the vestibular nuclei, the medullary reticular formation, the perihypoglossal nuclei, the abducens nucleus, and the facial nucleus. In another cell type axons crossed the midline without giving off any collaterals and proceeded caudally in the caudal MLF. The synaptic effects of the two types of cells were concluded to be excitatory and inhibitory, respectively. Cell bodies of contralaterally projecting neurons were located in either the medial or ventro-lateral vestibular nuclei. In the cat we observed two neuron classes, with contralaterally projecting axons, whose synaptic effects are presumably excitatory. Their cell somata were located in the medial vestibular nucleus. Termination patterns were similar to both the trochlear and oculomotor nuclei, but neither projected to the abducens nucleus. One class of neurons was almost identical to that found in the rabbit with the main axon bifurcating in the MLF. The second type lacked a descending branch in the MLF. Axon collaterals of the latter type crossed the midline within the oculomotor nucleus after terminating in the inferior rectus subdivision to reach a similar portion of the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus. Collaterals of these axons also terminated bilaterally in the supraoculomotor region between trochlear and oculomotor nucleus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and prerubral loci (including the fields of Forel). In similarity to the rabbit, presumed inhibitory vestibular neurons were found with axons directed caudally in the MLF without brain stem collaterals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Morphology of posterior canal related secondary vestibular neurons in rabbit and cat. 662 91

Previous experiments have shown that a substantial number of regenerating optic axons in adult frogs (Rana pipiens) are misrouted into the opposite optic nerve and retina during early stages of regeneration. This projection is maximal at 5 and 6 weeks after optic nerve crush. To further characterize this anomalous projection, small quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected into the right eye or right optic nerve 5 or 6 weeks after right optic nerve crush. Twenty-four hours later the animals were killed and regenerating axons anterogradely filled with HRP were reacted with the tetramethyl-benzidine method or a diaminobenzidine-CoCl2 method. Serial reconstruction tracing the course of individual axons through the optic chiasm showed that few of the axons projecting into the opposite optic nerve were collaterals of axons projecting centrally. Instead, the majority of labeled axons misdirected into the opposite nerve or contributing to an expanded projection into the ipsilateral optic tract turned out of the chiasm without branching. Many of the labeled regenerating axons had unusual trajectories within the chiasm, making abrupt turns or changing their direction of growth. Most of the axons misrouted into the opposite nerve came from portions of the chiasm nearest to the nerve of other eye. In three of eight frogs with an intact optic nerve, a small number of HRP-labeled axons were found in the left nerve after right nerve injection, but there was no indication that these axons reached the left eye. The results from this investigation suggest that the most parsimonious explanation for the chiasmal misrouting of regenerating frog optic axons is that axons are mechanically deflected into inappropriate pathways.
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PMID:The aberrant retino-retinal projection during optic nerve regeneration in the frog. II. Anterograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. 697 Jul 57

The data on the neuronal structure of the head tentacles, lips and osphradium in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. have been obtained by means of general histological and histochemical methods, impregnation after Golgi, stainings revealing neurosecrete, methods of retrograde horseradish peroxidase and CoCl2 transport. The sensory areas of the organs studied possess all the main components inherent in the chemoreceptory organs. In the head tentacles and lips, 8 types of the primary sensitive neurosecretory receptory cells have been revealed; according to some signs, they are chemo-, photo- and mechanoreceptory elements, the proprioreceptors including. Various forms of neurons have been revealed. In the osphradium, 4 types of the primary sensitive receptory cells, an essential number of neurons and neurosecretory cells have been detected. The latter participate in osmoregulation (yellow-green cells and yellow cells). In the neuropil of the osphradial ganglion, common areas for branching the receptory cell axons and neuronal and neurosecretory cell dendrites have been revealed; that is considered as a possibility of their direct contact.
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PMID:[Structural organization of the chemoreceptor organs in the snail]. 716 19

The thalamocortical and other synapses of the apical dendrites of corticostriatal projection neurons in mouse primary somatosensory cortex (SmI) were examined by combining anterograde degeneration with the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Electrolytic lesions were made in the ventrobasal thalamus, followed 3 days later by injections of 40% HRP into the ipsilateral caudate-putamen nucleus. The next day, the mice were perfused and the SmI cortex ipsilateral to the lesion and injection sites was chopped at 125-micrometer and reacted for HRP using a CoCl2-DAB method. HRP-labeled corticostriatal cells in SmI cortex were medium-sized pyramidal cells, having somata located in the superficial portion of layer V and apical dendrites extending into layer I. Seven corticostriatal cells were serially thin sectioned and the layer IV portions of their apical dendrites were reconstructed. Each apical dendrite formed only one or two thalamocortical synapses (0.3 to 0.9% of their synapses in layer IV) indicating that corticostriatal neurons may be minimally responsive to direct synaptic input from the specific thalamic nuclei. Each apical dendrite formed about 12.6 asymmetrical synapses for every symmetrical synapse, suggesting that the relative numbers of excitatory and inhibitory synapses impinging on apical dendrites belonging to an individual class of neurons may be specified.
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PMID:A quantitative study of the thalamocortical and other synapses in layer IV of pyramidal cells projecting from mouse SmI cortex to the caudate-putamen nucleus. 717 91


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