Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.11.1.7 (peroxidase)
65,474 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of enkephalin (ENK)-like immunoreactivity (LI) in spinal cord and medulla oblongata of cat and gray monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied by use of immunofluorescence and peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques. Possible coexistence between ENK- and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-LI was also analyzed with double labeling immunofluorescence. Furthermore, in situ hybridization was used to demonstrate cell bodies in the brain stem expressing mRNA encoding for ENK. ENK-immunoreactive (IR) axonal varicosities and fibers were demonstrated throughout the spinal cord gray matter, with the highest density in the superficial dorsal horn, the area around the central canal, the intermediolateral cell column, the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, and in Onuf's nucleus. In the monkey ventral horn, ENK-IR varicose fibers could in some cases be demonstrated in very close apposition to cell bodies. A low degree of co-localization between ENK- and 5-HT-LI was seen in the spinal cord of both species. Still, fibers containing both compounds could as a rule be demonstrated in every section studied. The highest degree of coexistence was encountered in the motor nucleus of the ventral horn. Six weeks after a low thoracic spinal cord transection a decreased staining for ENK-LI was demonstrated in the ventral horn motor nucleus, whereas other parts of the spinal cord appeared unaffected. In the brain stem of cats after colchicine treatment, ENK-LI was found in a majority of the 5-HT-IR cell bodies in the raphe nuclei (nucleus raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus) and in the lateral reticular nucleus (rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus). In cat not pretreated with colchicine, a few weakly stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be found in the midline raphe nuclei and in the lateral reticular nucleus with the PAP technique. In the monkey brain stem without colchicine treatment, using the PAP technique, heavily stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be seen in the lateral reticular nucleus whereas, as in the cat, only a few, weakly stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be seen in the midline raphe nuclei. Using in situ hybridization technique, ENK mRNA expressing cells were demonstrated in the lateral reticular nucleus while no convincing mRNA signal could be found over cell bodies in the raphe nuclei. It is concluded that part of the ENKergic innervation of the cord in both species derives from supraspinal or suprasegmental levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Distribution of enkephalin and its relation to serotonin in cat and monkey spinal cord and brain stem. 162 15

Postnatal development of the innervation of the pineal gland in situ as well as the reinnervation of pineal grafts by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were examined using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers appeared in the pineal gland on the second postnatal day (P2) in both hamsters and gerbils. NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers first appeared in the pineal gland of gerbils on P2 and in the hamsters on P3. By the seventh postnatal day (P7), the pineal glands of both hamsters and gerbils were richly innervated by TH- and NPY-fibers that appeared as smooth fibers or fibers with sporadic varicosities. By the age of 4 weeks, the innervation of the pineal glands of hamsters and gerbils by TH- and NPY-fibers was fully developed. Abundant TH- and NPY-fibers formed a dense meshwork in the parenchyma of the superficial and deep pineals. The great majority of the fibers bore a large number of varicosities. More NPY-fibers were found in the pineal glands of gerbils than hamsters. NPY fibers were distributed evenly throughout the pineal glands of the gerbil, but they were more often located in the central region of the superficial pineal of the hamster. For the pineal grafts, superficial pineals from neonatal and 4-week-old hamsters were transplanted to different sites in the third cerebral ventricle (infundibular recess, posterior third ventricle) or beneath the renal capsule. The pineal grafts from 4-week-old donors appeared to undergo severe degeneration and eventually disappeared. The pineal grafts from neonatal hamsters, however, successfully survived and became well integrated into their new locations. Abundant TH- and NPY-fibers in the host brain were found surrounding the pineal grafts placed in the third cerebral ventricle, but were only rarely seen entering the parenchyma of the grafts. A few TH-fibers were demonstrated in the renal grafts 4 weeks after transplantation. These studies describe the postnatal development of the innervation of the pineal glands in situ by TH- and NPY-nerve fibers, and demonstrate a lack of reinnervation of cerebroventricular pineal grafts by TH and NPY fibers from adjacent host brain.
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PMID:Tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y immunoreactivity in pineal glands developing in situ and in pineal grafts. 167 17

This study provides a detailed report of the distribution and density of substance P-like immunoreactive fibres and terminals within the human infant medulla. Seven brains with no signs of macroscopic alteration fixed usually within 24-48 h after death were used. Free floating transverse sections (50-60 microns) were then immunostained with a monoclonal antibody against substance P using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Morphologically three types of substance P-like immunoreactive fibres were observed: those with small varicosities of less than 1 micron, those with medium varicosities of 1-2 microns and those with large varicosities of 2-4 microns. Very dense substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the spinal trigeminal nucleus, parts of the gracile and cuneate fasciculi and the paracommissural subnucleus of the solitary nucleus; dense substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, commissural, medial, dorsal, dorsolateral ventral and ventrolateral subnuclei of the solitary nuclear complex, parasolitary nucleus, raphe obscurus, inferior olivary complex (medial, dorsal, dorsomedial nuclei) and ventrolateral part of the dorsal reticular nucleus; moderate substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the gelatinosus nucleus of the solitary tract, lateral reticular nucleus proper, intermediate reticular zone and parvocellular reticular nucleus; sparse substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the hypoglossal nucleus, retroambigual nucleus and much of the reticular formation (dorsal, parvocellular, ventral gigantocellular, dorsal paragigantocellular nuclei): and very sparse substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the nucleus ambiguus, medial vestibular nucleus and parts of the reticular formation (ventral, medial, gigantocellular, ventral gigantocellular, dorsal paragigantocellular nuclei). Substance P-like immunoreactivity was absent in the area postrema, intercalated nucleus, gracile and cuneate nuclei, in the epiolivary, subtrigeminal and parvocellular divisions of the lateral reticular nucleus, spinal vestibular nucleus, and in the solitary and pyramidal tracts. In several regions the substance P-like immunoreactive fibres formed distinct pericellular arrays around the somata and dendrites of neurons (hypoglossal nucleus, dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, retroambigual nucleus, intermediate reticular zone). The results indicate the high specificity of the localization of substance P in various structures of the brainstem and underline the presumed significance of this peptide in autonomic and sensorimotor functions of the brain.
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PMID:Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive fibres and terminals in the medulla oblongata of the human infant. 169 63

One of the major pathways of information flow through the basal ganglia is the pallidonigrofugal system. In order to better understand this system in the rat, experiments have been performed to study the topography, synaptic organization, and neurotransmitter content of the pallidonigral projection and to determine whether the pallidonigral neurones make direct synaptic contacts with nigrofugal cells. This was achieved by combining the anterograde transport of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) with the retrograde transport of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), postembedding immunocytochemistry for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Following injections of PHA-L in different regions of the lateral part of the globus pallidus, a substantial number of immunoreactive fibres and terminals occurred in the ipsilateral substantia nigra reticulata (SNr). The immunoreactive elements were distributed according to a rostral to medial and caudal to lateral topography. Injections that were restricted to the medial tip of the globus pallidus led to the anterograde labeling of a small number of fibres that were sparsely distributed in the SNr. The most characteristic feature of the pallidonigral fibres was the presence of large varicosities that were often grouped to form pericellular baskets. Injections of WGA-HRP in the ventromedial thalamic nucleus, superior colliculus, or midbrain tegmentum, including the pedunculopontine nucleus, showed that the perikarya and primary dendrites of the output cells of the SNr were often surrounded by the large pallidonigral varicosities. The number of varicosities surrounding a single cell varied from 2-12. Electron microscopic analysis showed that the varicosities contained round or slightly pleomorphic vesicles and numerous mitochondria and that they established symmetrical synaptic contacts. Quantitative measurements revealed that the varicosities had a maximum diameter varying from 0.5 to 2.5 microns and a mean cross-sectional area of 0.76 +/- 0.25 microns 2 (N = 237, mean +/- S.D.). The postsynaptic structures of the pallidonigral varicosities included perikarya (48%), large dendrites (38%), and small dendrites (14%). A large proportion of these postsynaptic targets were retrogradely labeled after injection of WGA-HRP in the ventromedial thalamic nucleus, superior colliculus, or midbrain tegmentum. Postembedding immunocytochemistry was used to show that the pallidonigral axons and terminals in contact with nigrofugal neurones displayed GABA immunoreactivity. The use of a double immunocytochemical method revealed, that in addition to the nondopaminergic SNr output neurones, the dendrites and perikarya of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) receive an input from the globus pallidus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The output neurones and the dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra receive a GABA-containing input from the globus pallidus in the rat. 169 89

An immunohistochemical study of MBP distribution in the brainstem of neonate till 16 d old rats based on the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method is described. Axons already invested with immunoreactive sheaths were found in neonate rats in the ventral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord and in the medial longitudinal fascicle of the medulla oblongata. Fibres commencing with myelination showed a closely spaced array of varicosities in longitudinal sections which diminished gradually. A caudo-rostral decrease in density of myelinated fibres in the brainstem was found in the medial and dorsal longitudinal fascicles. In contrast to other pathways, myelination in the fibres of the corticospinal tract in the brainstem occurred in a strictly synchronized pattern. The same temporal pattern of myelination was also observed in the cervical corticospinal tract, except that a few myelinated fibres had been visible much earlier within the area of the tract. At the exit of cranial nerves, the transitorial zone from central to peripheral myelin was outlined by a decrease in immunostaining.
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PMID:Myelin basic protein immunohistochemistry: a study of the early stages of myelination in the brainstem of the rat. 169 79

The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus sends efferents to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is involved in generation and entrainment of several circadian rhythms. It seems reasonable to believe that the lateral geniculate conveys visual information about the length of the photoperiod to the circadian oscillator. In order to study in more detail the topographical relationship between the lateral geniculate and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and retrograde tracing with wheatgerm agglutinin coupled to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were performed in the gerbil. After iontophoretic injections of PHA-L in the lateral geniculate, a large number of PHA-L-immunoreactive fibers and nerve terminals were observed in the ventrolateral part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nerve fibers were also present in the ventromedial and dorsolateral portions, particularly in the caudal half of the nucleus. PHA-L-immunoreactive nerve fibers continued outside the borders of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the adjacent anterior hypothalamic, the periventricular, and the subparaventricular areas. A moderate number of fibers entered the lateral hypothalamic area and the tuber cinerum via the optic tract and chiasm. Moreover, the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, the medial preoptic area, the lateral preoptic area, and the supramammillary nucleus contained a few labeled fibers. In all parts of the hypothalamus receiving an input from the lateral geniculate, fine beaded immunoreactive fibers with varicosities and nerve terminals were observed, some of which were found in close apposition to hypothalamic neurons. Only after labeling of neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet of the lateral geniculate nucleus, fibers were found in the hypothalamus. This topographical organization of the geniculohypothalamic pathway was supported by retrograde tracing after injections of WGA-HRP in the suprachiasmatic area. In these experiments, retrograde labeled neurons were observed in the intergeniculate leaflet and, in agreement with the anterograde studies, most of labeling was observed in the ipsilateral side. These results confirm that the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives a substantial input from the intergeniculate leaflet of the lateral geniculate. Moreover, the present data demonstrate that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is not the only nucleus that receives a direct visual input. Thus other hypothalamic areas might be influenced by a direct rhythmic neuronal input as well.
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PMID:Projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the hypothalamus of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): an anterograde and retrograde tracing study. 170 Aug 2

Several mutations in Drosophila impair learning and the cAMP cascade. We report here that the fine morphology of an identified mechanosensory neuron is abnormal in two of these mutants, dunce (dnc) and rutabaga (rut). The neuron innervating the antero-notopleural bristle was filled with horseradish peroxidase and studied at the light- and electron-microscopy level. In the mutants dnc and rut, this neuron has an abnormally large number of side branches and varicosities in a defined segment of the axon. In wild-type flies, age tends to decrease the number of side branches and variacosities in the same axonal segment that is affected by the mutations. Ultrastructural studies are compatible with the interpretation that the varicosities are potential synaptic sites. The results suggest that the cAMP cascade plays a role in shaping neuronal connectivity.
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PMID:Morphology of a sensory neuron in Drosophila is abnormal in memory mutants and changes during aging. 171 97

The organization of the brainstem trigeminal complex (BTC) of the mouse is described, with emphasis on the normal organization of the vibrissal representations. Thionin staining for Nissal substance was employed to reveal the cytoarchitecture. Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry was used to reveal the chemoarchitecture. Golgi impregnation methods, in combination with thionin staining, were used to examine the neuronal dendritic morphology within a defined cytoarchitectonic context. An in vitro horseradish peroxidase labelling method was used to study the distribution and morphology of primary trigeminal afferent terminals within the BTC. The BTC consists of four distinct subnuclei: principalis (nVp), oralis (nVo), interpolaris (nVi), and caudalis (nVc). The present study shows that these sub-nuclei can be distinguished from each other on the basis of several anatomical criteria, including the distribution and density of neuronal size classes, histochemical staining intensity, morphology and orientation of neuronal dendrites, and size and texture of primary afferent terminal arbors. Anatomical manifestation of vibrissal representations within the BTC can be described in nVp, nVi, and nVc, but not in nVo. Within the three subnuclei where they are found, anatomical vibrissal representations are composed to architectural subunits that form an overall pattern homeomorphic to the pattern of vibrissae on the face of the animal. Each sub-unit forms a cylindrical tube running in a rostrocaudal orientation within the BTC. These sub-units will be called barrelettes. Cytologically, each barrelette consists of cell-dense "sides," surrounding a practically cell-free "hollow." Individual sub-units are separated by narrow, cell-free "septa." Histochemically, each subunit is manifested as a discrete patch of positive-staining reaction products. Differential interference contrast optics shows that these patches correspond precisely to the barrelette hollows. Evidence is presented to show that the barrelettes are the functional units for the processing of vibrissal sensory information. Terminal arborizations of individual primary afferents seem to be confined to the hollow of single barrelettes. The majority of neurons that form the sides of a barrelette have bitufted dendritic arbors, which project predominantly into the barrelette hollow, although a minority of neurons, particularly in nVi and nVc, also extend part of their dendritic arbors into adjacent barrelette hollows. The barrelette hollows are thus the principal neuropil region in which primary afferents and their target neurons interact. Contacts are made mainly between en passant varicosities and terminal boutons on primary afferent collaterals and dendritic spines and shafts of second order neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The barrelettes--architectonic vibrissal representations in the brainstem trigeminal complex of the mouse. I. Normal structural organization. 171 90

Small injections of biocytin in the external segment of the pallidum (GPe) of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) led to anterograde labeling of fibers in the thalamic reticular nucleus (NRT). These fibers reached NRT by coursing along the ventral tip of the internal capsule or by directly piercing the internal capsule more dorsally. They arborized profusely within the entire rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Within NRT, biocytin-labeled fibers were long, slightly varicosed, and emitted numerous short collaterals whose terminal portions consisted of clusters of large varicosities. Some of these varicosities were closely apposed to cell bodies and proximal dendrites of NRT neurons. Small injections of wheat germ-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase in the rostral pole of NRT led to retrograde cell labeling within the entire rostrocaudal extent of GPe. These retrogradely-labeled cells did not display immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase. Hence, beside the well-established projection from the internal pallidum to the thalamus, our findings support the existence of another pallidothalamic projection whereby GPe neurons could exert a powerful influence upon the thalamocortical neurons via a relay in NRT.
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PMID:Projection from the external pallidum to the reticular thalamic nucleus in the squirrel monkey. 171 74

GABA-synthesizing neurons were identified in the medulla of the rat by peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Using diaminobenzidine (DAB) either alone or intensified with silver, a relatively large number of GAD-immunoreactive neurons were evident within the reticular formation, raphe nuclei and vestibular nuclei. In all these areas, profuse GAD-immunoreactive varicosities appeared to contact the soma and dendrites of both non-GABA and GABA neurons. These observations suggest that GABA neurons may act as interneurons or local projection neurons within the medulla and accordingly exert a potent inhibitory and/or disinhibitory control on bulbar projection neurons. Within the ventral reticular formation (pars alpha and ventralis of the gigantocellular reticular field) and raphe magnus, large numbers of prominent GAD-immunoreactive neurons resembled in size and morphology and overlapped in distribution the serotonin-immunoreactive neurons of the same regions. However, by sequential double immunostaining utilizing DAB as a chromogen for serotonin (5-HT) and benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC) for GAD, it was found that GAD-containing neurons were distinct from 5-HT-containing neurons. Following injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the upper cervical spinal cord and combined processing for WGA-HRP (using tetramethylbenzidine [TMB] with cobalt) and immunohistochemistry (with DAB), a contingent of spinally projecting neurons were found to contain GAD. The GAD-immunoreactive reticulo- and raphe-spinal neurons were most frequent within the pars alpha and ventralis of the gigantocellular reticular fields and the raphe magnus, where they were approximately equal in number to the coexistent, but distinct 5-HT spinally projecting neurons. GABA neurons of the medulla may thus contribute directly to the bulbar inhibitory influence upon spinal sensory and motor systems.
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PMID:GABA-synthesizing neurons in the medulla: their relationship to serotonin-containing and spinally projecting neurons in the rat. 172 90


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