Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.11.1.6 (catalase)
55,569 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Developmental profiles of the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione transferase (GSH-Tr), and hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) were measured in the rat testis and liver. The level of SOD in the testis was high at the age of 6 to 10 days, after which it dropped to approximately one third of that level by 20 days of age, and remained there up to 8 months of age. In the liver, SOD activity steadily increased from the neonatal to adult stage of life, reaching the same level as detected in the testis. The testicular activity of catalase was only 2% to 7% of that found in liver at all ages. It increased in both organs up to 6 weeks of age, whereafter the hepatic activity gradually decreased and no further changes were seen in the testis. The GSH-Px activity was low in the testis and declined slightly with age, whereas activity in the liver increased four-fold between birth and adulthood. The activity of GSH-Tr was similar in both organs studied: it increased after birth, showing a maximum in the liver at 1.5 months (ten-fold increase) and in the testis at 5 months of age (four-fold increase). The HMS activity was two to three times higher in the liver than in the testis, and decreased slightly with age in both organs. Thus, the basal levels and developmental profiles of antioxidant enzymes in the testis differ greatly from those in the liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antioxidant enzyme activity in the maturing rat testis. 142 21

Enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined in the liver as well as several specific brain regions of young and old Fischer-344 rats of both sexes. In the liver of male rats, activities of CAT as well as Mn-SOD were lower, while activities of Cu Zn-SOD were higher in old (30-month-old) rats than in young (7-month-old) ones. Activities of total SOD as well as GSH Px were comparable for young and old male rat livers. In contrast to male rats, in female rat livers, activities of CAT were significantly higher in old (28-months-old) rats, while activities of Mn-SOD were slightly (but significantly) higher in old rat livers. In old male rats, activities of Mn-SOD were significantly higher than in young males in several specific regions of the brain (the substantia nigra (s. nigra), striatum, hippocampus) but lower in the cerebellum. In particular, SOD activities in s. nigra, striatum and hippocampus in old male rats were several fold higher than corresponding values in young male rats. Activities of Cu Zn-SOD were generally unchanged with age. Activities of CAT as well as GSH-Px (both Se-dependent and non-Se-dependent forms) were also relatively unaffected by age. In female rat brains, activities of Mn-SOD as well as those of others all remained mostly unaffected by aging, although there was a general tendency of slightly higher activities in most cerebral regions for Mn-SOD in old female rats. Thus, age-related changes of these antioxidant enzymes in the liver and brain are markedly sex dependent and some enzyme activities (such as CAT in the liver) change in an opposite direction with age. Changes of Mn-SOD in the brain were markedly region-specific in male rats. Results suggest that the significance of the changes of these antioxidant enzyme activities during aging needs to be carefully interpreted, taking into consideration the fact that changes are markedly variable depending on sex as well as the organs and brain regions examined.
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PMID:Age-related changes in antioxidant enzyme activities are region and organ, as well as sex, selective in the rat. 143 48

Various methods have been used in the past to assess the implication of oxygen free radicals (OFR) in ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac injury. Luminol-enhanced tert-butyl-initiated chemiluminescence in cardiac tissue reflects oxidative stress and is a very sensitive method. It was used to elucidate the role of OFR in cardiac injury due to ischemia and reperfusion. Studies were conducted on perfused isolated rabbit hearts in three groups (n = 8 in each): I, control; II, submitted to global ischemia for 30 min; III, submitted to ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 60 min. The heart tissue was then assayed for chemiluminescence (CL); content of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of OFR-induced cardiac injury; and activity of tissue levels of antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)]. The control values for left and right ventricular CL and malondialdehyde were 81.1 +/- 15.4 (S.E.) and 182.4 +/- 50.3 (S.E.), mv.min.mg protein-1; and 0.024 +/- 0.006 (S.E.) and 0.324 +/- 0.005 (S.E.) nmoles.mg protein-1 respectively. Ischemia produced an increase in the cardiac CL (3.3 to 4.4 fold) and MDA content (2 to 2.6 fold). Reperfusion following ischemia also produced similar changes in CL and MDA content. The control values for activity of left ventricular SOD, catalase, and GSH-Px were 45.77 +/- 1.73 (S.E.) U.mg protein-1, 5.35 +/- 0.51 (S.E.) K.10(-3).sec-1.mg protein-1, and 77.50 +/- 7.70 (S.E.) nmoles NADPH.min-1.mg protein-1 respectively. Activities of SOD and catalase decreased during ischemia but were similar to control values in ischemic-reperfused hearts. The GSH-Px activity of left ventricle was unaffected by ischemia, and ischemia-reperfusion. GSH-Px activity of the right ventricle increased with ischemia, and ischemic-reperfusion. These results indicate that cardiac tissue chemiluminescence would be a useful and sensitive tool for the detection of oxygen free radical-induced cardiac injury.
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PMID:Detection of ischemia-reperfusion cardiac injury by cardiac muscle chemiluminescence. 143 65

The ability of erythrocytes from newborn babies and adults to maintain reduced glutathione levels during oxidative stress was studied. In vitro incubation of erythrocytes with H2O2, with or without inactivation of catalase, caused a rapid depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and concomitant accumulation of oxidized glutathione followed by recovery of GSH and fall of oxidized glutathione to initial values in all subjects. Inactivation of catalase resulted in a 50% loss of intracellular glutathione (p less than 0.005), a larger maximum GSH depletion (p less than 0.05), and a longer GSH recovery time (p less than 0.005). Erythrocytes from newborn babies showed a smaller maximum GSH depletion (p less than 0.05) and a shorter GSH recovery time (p less than 0.005) compared with those from adults. These differences between the newborn and adult groups persisted after inactivation of catalase. An increase in maximum GSH depletion and GSH recovery time (p less than 0.005) was observed when a lower hematocrit was used for these GSH recovery studies. Effective glutathione recycling in erythrocytes may protect immature tissues of the newborn baby from peroxidative damage.
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PMID:Recycling of glutathione during oxidative stress in erythrocytes of the newborn. 143 90

Our purpose was to determine the effect of non-bacteria-dependent systemic inflammation on the degree and time course of lung oxidant activity and antioxidant defenses, comparing these changes with lung, physiologic, and histologic alterations. Adult male rats were given intraperitoneal zymosan (0.7 mg/g body weight) and were fluid resuscitated. Oxidant changes were measured as lung tissue oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant defenses as tissue reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase. Animals were killed at 4, 12, and 24 h, and at 5, 10, and 30 days. Lung data were compared with that found in liver. We noted a 45% mortality in the first 18 to 36 h with all remaining animals surviving. In the first 24 h, we noted a doubling of lung MDA and an 80% conversion of tissue GSH to GSSG compared with less than 5% in control animals, indicating a severe oxidant stress. These findings corresponded with marked increase in lung neutrophils. Arterial pressure (PaO2) was significantly decreased from a control of 95 +/- 4 mm Hg to 80 +/- 5 mm Hg and 75 +/- 4 mm Hg at Days 5 and 10, respectively, but returned toward control by 30 days. Lung GSSG and MDA remained significantly increased for the 30-day period, whereas amounts of the antioxidants, catalase, and GSH returned to control after 24 h. The ongoing oxidant stress corresponded with marked mononuclear cell infiltration and interstitial thickening, which persisted over the 30-day period even after peritonitis had completely resolved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Lung oxidant changes after zymosan peritonitis: relationship between physiologic and biochemical changes. 144 84

Enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and catalase play an important role in the cellular defence against (per)oxidative stress. Balance- and inhibitor-studies were undertaken with in vitro cultured human vascular endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) to assay the relative importance of these enzymes in the handling of cumene hydroperoxide (Chp) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Low concentrations of Chp (up to 80 microM) could be removed to near completion within the first hour of incubation by stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) of both cell types. The HMS activity reached a plateau upon incubation with higher concentrations of Chp (> 80 microM). The non-converted Chp in the higher concentrations could be detected quantitatively in the incubation solution. After inhibition of the glutathione reductase by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), incubation with Chp (40 microM) did not result in a stimulation of the HMS activity. Moreover the added Chp could be recovered from the medium. So Chp is exclusively handled by the GSH-redox cycle. When low concentrations of H2O2 (up to 80 microM) were added to EC or SMC approximately 50% of the peroxide loss could not be accounted for. Inhibitor studies with aminotriazole proved that catalase was responsible for the handling of this unaccounted H2O2. In both ECs and SMCs at lower concentrations of H2O2 the GSH-redox cycle was as effective as catalase and at higher H2O2 concentrations the catalase pathway plays the major role.
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PMID:Vascular cells under peroxide induced oxidative stress: a balance study on in vitro peroxide handling by vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. 146 85

Glutathione status and antioxidant enzymes in various types of rat skeletal muscle were studied after an acute bout of exercise (Ex) at different intensities. Glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentrations were the highest in soleus (SO) muscle, followed by those in deep (DVL) and then superficial (SVL) portions of vastus lateralis. In DVL, but not in SO or SVL, muscle GSH increased proportionally with Ex intensity and reached 1.8 +/- 0.08 mumol/g wet wt compared with 1.5 +/- 0.03 (P < 0.05) in resting controls (R). GSSG in DVL was increased from 0.10 +/- 0.01 mumol/g wet wt in R to 0.14 +/- 0.01 (P < 0.05) after Ex. Total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) contents in DVL were also significantly elevated with Ex, whereas GSH/GSSG ratio was unchanged. Activities of GSH peroxidase (GPX), GSSG reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT) were significantly higher in SO than in DVL and SVL, but there was no difference in superoxide dismutase activity between the three muscle types. Furthermore, Ex at moderate intensities elicited significant increases in GPX, GR, and CAT activities in DVL muscle. None of the antioxidant enzymes was affected by exercise in SO. It is concluded that rat DVL muscle is particularly vulnerable to exercise-induced free radical damage and that a disturbance of muscle GSH status is indicative of an oxidative stress.
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PMID:Glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in skeletal muscle: effects of fiber type and exercise intensity. 147 61

The relative levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) have been measured fluorimetrically in individual eggs and early embryos from two mouse strains, one of which shows developmental arrest in vitro. GSH levels fell by approximately 20-25% at fertilization and by approximately 45% by the late 2-cell and early 4-cell stages. No differences were observed between strains or between embryos cultured in vitro or in vivo. Addition of exogenous H2O2 or diethylmaleate depleted GSH. GSH levels were not affected significantly after inhibition of GSH-peroxidase by mercaptosuccinate nor of catalase by aminotriazole. Mercaptosuccinate did not inhibit development but catalase inhibition caused arrest at the 2-cell stage. Addition of exogenous GSH or thioredoxin did not promote development of 'blocking' embryos through the 2-cell block. It is concluded that early embryos lack a mercaptosuccinate sensitive peroxidase activity for removing H2O2, which may be removed by catalase or the glutathione-S-transferase system. It is suggested that GSH may have a role in detoxifying peroxidated lipids. The results are consistent with a role for reactive oxygen species in the 2-cell block.
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PMID:Quantitative analysis of cellular glutathione in early preimplantation mouse embryos developing in vivo and in vitro. 147 14

The glutathione redox system, haemoglobin (Hb) oxidation, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the lipid peroxidation product malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) were studied in red blood cells (RBCs) during administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) over 12 weeks in ten children maintained on haemodialysis. A rapid increase in the reticulocyte count was accompanied by a slower rise in total Hb concentration. The mean level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased from 13.2 +/- 5.3 nmol/g Hb to 56.7 +/- 15.8 nmol/g Hb 4 weeks after the start of rhEPO (P < 0.001), followed by a fall to the basal value. Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels showed a smaller though constant elevation during rhEPO therapy (P < 0.001). Before rhEPO treatment, incubation of RBCs for 1 h with acetylphenylhydrazine induced a decrease in GSH concentration compared with controls (P < 0.001), which became more pronounced in the first few weeks of rhEPO therapy (P < 0.001). In addition, the percentage of Hb derivatives (metHb and haemichrome) increased in the first 4 weeks of rhEPO therapy (P < 0.001). Although there was no significant difference between the values obtained preEPO and during EPO treatment, MDA levels were continuously higher and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were lower than in the controls (P < 0.001). These results are compatible with oxidative damage to the RBCs in the early period of rhEPO therapy in children with end-stage renal failure. The GSH-GSSG system, as an important cellular defence mechanism of the RBCs, appears to be severely affected.
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PMID:The effect of erythropoietin on the cellular defence mechanism of red blood cells in children with chronic renal failure. 148 41

The effect of ozone exposure on the activities of reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes (SOD, catalase, GSH-Px) in RBC of Japanese charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) was examined. Ozone (0, 0.4 and 0.7 ppm as initial concentrations) was exposed to Japanese charr for 30 min, which definitely caused serious membrane damage to RBC of fish. Ozone exposure at 0.4 and 0.7 ppm decreased activities of both catalase and GSH-Px by 80 to 57% of the control. On the other hand, the activities of SOD remained unaffected even by 0.7 ppm ozone exposure. A hypothesis on the RBC membrane damage and participation of SOD and heme-iron was proposed.
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PMID:Effect of ozone on the activities of reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes in RBC of ozone exposed Japanese charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis). 148 83


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