Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.10.3.2 (laccase)
4,656 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) was isolated from the fully browned gills of Lentinula edodes fruit bodies. The enzyme was purified to a homogeneous preparation using hydrophobic, cation-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the purified laccase, Lcc 2, to be a monomeric protein of 58.0 kDa. The enzyme had an isoelectric point of around pH 6.9. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was around 3.0 against 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt (ABTS), and it was most active at 40 degrees C and stable up to 50 degrees C. The enzyme contained 8.6 % carbohydrate and some copper atoms. The enzyme oxidized ABTS, p-phenylenediamine, pyrogallol, guaiacol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, catechol and ferulic acid, but not veratryl alcohol and tyrosine. Beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (L-DOPA), which was not oxidized by a laccase previously reported from the culture filtrate of L. edodes, was also oxidized by Lcc 2, and the oxidative product of L-dopa was identified as L-DOPA quinone by HPLC analysis. Lcc 2 was able to oxidize phenolic compounds extracted from fresh gills to brown-coloured products, suggesting a role for laccase in melanin synthesis in this strain.
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PMID:Important role of fungal intracellular laccase for melanin synthesis: purification and characterization of an intracellular laccase from Lentinula edodes fruit bodies. 1294 71

Two polyphenol oxidases (EC 1.14.18.1), P-1 and P-2, were purified as electrophoretically homogeneous proteins from the culture filtrate of Trametes sp. MS39401 by acetone precipitation and column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Sephadex G-150 and hydroxylapatite. P-1 was purified 34-fold with a yield of 4.2%, while P-2 was purified 37-fold with a yield of 20.7%. The molecular masses of P-1 and P-2 were estimated to be 61 kDa and 90 kDa, respectively, by gel filtration. The isoelectric points of P-1 and P-2 were 3.4 and 2.7, respectively. The optimum pH range of both enzymes was 4.5-5.0 at 45 degrees C. The optimum temperature of both enzymes was 55 degrees C at pH 5.0. P-1 was stable at pH 5.0-7.5 and temperatures up to 60 degrees C. P-2 was stable at pH 3.0-7.5 and temperatures up to 50 degrees C. The thermostability of P-1 was comparable to that of the PM1 laccase of basidiomycetes, which was reported to be the most stable among basidiomycete laccases. Both enzymes were active toward various phenolic compounds and aminophenols. However, they lacked activity toward l-tyrosine. The K(m) values for (+)-catechin were 0.19 mM for P-1 and 0.67 mM for P-2. Both enzymes were appreciably inactivated by Hg(2+) and Sn(2+). Significant activation of neither enzyme was observed in the presence of metal ions and reagents. Both enzymes were significantly inhibited by copper-chelating agents, reducing agents and N-bromosuccinimide. Carbon monoxide caused appreciable inactivation of neither enzyme, so it is suggested that P-1 and P-2 belong to the group of laccases.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from Trametes sp. MS39401. 1623 40

Laccases are members of the blue multi-copper oxidase family. These enzymes oxidize substrate molecules by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear centre. Dioxygen binds to the trinuclear centre and following the transfer of four electrons is reduced to two molecules of water. The X-ray structure of a laccase from Cerrena maxima has been elucidated at 1.9 A resolution using synchrotron data and the molecular replacement technique. The final refinement coefficients are Rcryst = 16.8% and Rfree = 23.0%, with root mean square deviations on bond lengths and bond angles of 0.015 A and 1.51 degrees , respectively. The type 1 copper centre has an isoleucine residue at the axial position and the "resting" state of the trinuclear centre comprises a single oxygen (OH) moiety asymmetrically disposed between the two type 3 copper ions and a water molecule attached to the type 2 ion. Several carbohydrate binding sites have been identified and the glycan chains appear to promote the formation of well-ordered crystals. Two tyrosine residues near the protein surface have been found in a nitrated state.
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PMID:X-ray structural studies of the fungal laccase from Cerrena maxima. 1694 30

Laccase-catalyzed oligomerization of proteins was studied using Trametes hirsuta laccase (ThL) and coactosin as a model system. The reaction mechanism was elucidated using free amino acids and the tripeptide Gly-Leu-Tyr as substrates. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as oxygen consumption measurements and SDS-PAGE were used to study the reactions. Of the 15 selected amino acids, ThL was found to oxidize tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), and cysteine (Cys), of which the reactions with Tyr and Cys have been described earlier. ThL was able to link four full-length coactosins, whereas coactosin that was truncated from its C-terminus remained unpolymerized. Of the four tyrosine residues present in coactosin, only the tyrosine in the C-terminus was found to be reactive. Polymerization between tyrosine side-chains was unambiguously shown using different oligomers of Gly-Leu-Tyr as parent ions in MALDI-TOF/TOF MS fragment ion analyses.
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PMID:Effect of protein structure on laccase-catalyzed protein oligomerization. 1709 Jan 38

Cross-linking enzymes generate covalent bonds in and between food biopolymers. These enzymes are interesting tools for tailoring dough and bread structures, as the characteristics of the biopolymers significantly determine the viscoelastic and fracture properties of dough and bread. In this study, the influence of oxidative cross-linking enzymes, tyrosinase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei and laccase from the white rot fungus Trametes hirsuta, on dough and bread were examined. Oxidation of low molecular weight phenolic model compounds of flour, cross-linking of gluten proteins, dough rheology, and bread making were characterized during or after the enzymatic treatments. In the dough and bread experiments, laccase and tyrosinase were also studied in combination with xylanase. Of the model compounds tyrosine, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and Gly-Leu-Tyr tripeptide, tyrosinase oxidized all except ferulic acid. Laccase was able to oxidize each of the studied compounds. The phenolic acids were notably better substrates for laccase than l-tyrosine. When the ability of the enzymes to cross-link isolated gliadin and glutenin proteins was studied by the SDS-PAGE analysis, tyrosinase was found to cross-link the gliadin proteins effectively, whereas polymerization of the gliadins by laccase was observed only when a high enzyme dosage and prolonged incubation were used. Examination of large deformation rheology of dough showed that both laccase and tyrosinase made doughs harder and less extensible, and the effects increased as a function of the enzyme dosage. In bread making, interestingly, the pore size of the breads baked with tyrosinase turned out to be remarkably larger and more irregular when compared to that of the other breads. Nevertheless, both of the oxidative enzymes were found to soften the bread crumb and increase the volume of breads, and the best results were achieved in combination with xylanase.
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PMID:Elucidating the mechanism of laccase and tyrosinase in wheat bread making. 1760 67

A novel bifunctional catalase with an additional phenol oxidase activity was isolated from a thermophilic fungus, Scytalidium thermophilum. This extracellular enzyme was purified ca. 10-fold with 46% yield and was biochemically characterized. The enzyme contains heme and has a molecular weight of 320 kDa with four 80 kDa subunits and an isoelectric point of 5.0. Catalase and phenol oxidase activities were most stable at pH 7.0. The activation energies of catalase and phenol oxidase activities of the enzyme were found to be 2.7 +/- 0.2 and 10.1 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The pure enzyme can oxidize o-diphenols such as catechol, caffeic acid, and L-DOPA in the absence of hydrogen peroxide and the highest oxidase activity is observed against catechol. No activity is detected against tyrosine and common laccase substrates such as ABTS and syringaldazine with the exception of weak activity with p-hydroquinone. Common catechol oxidase inhibitors, salicylhydroxamic acid and p-coumaric acid, inhibit the oxidase activity. Catechol oxidation activity was also detected in three other catalases tested, from Aspergillus niger, human erythrocyte, and bovine liver, suggesting that this dual catalase-phenol oxidase activity may be a common feature of catalases.
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PMID:Purification, characterization, and identification of a novel bifunctional catalase-phenol oxidase from Scytalidium thermophilum. 1836 15

Proteins and certain carbohydrates contain phenolic moieties, which are potential sites for modification of the function of the biopolymers. In this study, the capability of two different fungal oxidative enzymes, laccase from Trametes hirsuta (ThL) and tyrosinase from Trichoderma reesei (TrT), to catalyze formation of hetero-cross-linking between tyrosine side chains of alpha-casein and phenolic acids of hydrolyzed oat spelt xylan (hOSX) was studied. Formation of reaction products was followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), fluorescence spectroscopy, and SDS-PAGE, using specific staining methods for proteins and protein-carbohydrate conjugates. ThL and TrT were observed to differ significantly in their ability to catalyze the formation of protein-carbohydrate conjugates or the linking of the small molecular weight phenolic compounds to alpha-casein. The efficiency of these enzymes to directly cross-link protein also differed notably. TrT was able to cross-link alpha-casein more efficiently than ThL. ThL-catalyzed casein cross-linking was significantly enhanced by ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and also hOSX. The main reaction products by ThL appeared to be phenolic acid-bridged alpha-caseins. Indications of hetero-cross-link formation between alpha-casein and hOSX by both oxidative enzymes could be visualized by glycoprotein-specific staining in the SDS-PAGE analysis, although ThL was observed to be more effective in the heteroconjugate formation than TrT.
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PMID:Formation of protein-oligosaccharide conjugates by laccase and tyrosinase. 1842 26

Dothideaceous black yeast-like fungi (BYF) are known to synthesise DHN-melanin that is inhibited by the systemic fungicide tricyclazole. The final step of the DHN melanin pathway is the conjoining of 1,8-DHN molecules to form the melanin polymer. There are several candidate enzymes for this step, including phenoloxidases such as tyrosinase and laccases, peroxidases, and perhaps also catalases. We analysed the type polyphenoloxidases that are involved in biosynthesis of BYF melanins. For that purpose we used substrates of o-diphenoloxidases (EC 1.10.3.1.): 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvic acid, L-beta-phenyllactic acid, tyrosine, pyrocatechol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and homogentisic acid, as well as substrates of p-diphenoloxidases (EC 1.10.3.2.): syringaldazine, resorcinol, p-phenylenediamine, phloroglucinol, guaiacol and pyrogallic acid. Fourteen strains of black yeasts originating from different natural biotopes were investigated. The tested strains could be divided into four groups based on their ability to produce dark pigments when cultivated on aromatic substrates of o- and on p-diphenoloxidases. It was established that syringaldazine, pyrogallic acid and 4-hydrophenyl-pyruvic acid, beta-phenyllactic acid optimally promote melanin biosynthesis. Average intensity of pigmentation of all strains studied was minimal when guaiacol was used as a substrate. The present investigation indicates that the melanisation process may involve more enzymes and more substrates than those commonly recognised. Black yeasts are likely to contain a multipotent polyphenoloxidase.
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PMID:The influence of ortho- and para-diphenoloxidase substrates on pigment formation in black yeast-like fungi. 1928 25

Mass spectral analysis demonstrated oligomerization of peptides that had been subjected to oxidation catalysed by Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor laccase. Peptide oligomerization occurred only when cysteines or tyrosines were present in the peptides. MS/MS confirmed the cross-linking in tyrosine-containing peptides to be located between tyrosine residues. Ferulic acid mediated oligomerization of cysteine-containing peptides, but prevented cross-linking of tyrosines when used in the same concentration as the peptides. This suggests an antioxidative effect of ferulic acid in relation to tyrosine oxidation, although incorporation of ferulic acid into peptide oligomers was found in some of the tyrosine-containing peptides. No other modifications to amino acid residues by laccase-catalysed oxidation were observed by mass spectroscopy. Thus, it is suggested that oxidative modifications of other amino acids observed in proteins oxidized by laccase are not major reaction products of laccase-catalysed oxidation.
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PMID:Modifications of amino acids during ferulic acid-mediated, laccase-catalysed cross-linking of peptides. 1990 79

In order to design potential biomaterials, we investigated the laccase-catalyzed cross-linking between L-lysine or lysine-containing peptides and dihydroxylated aromatics. L-Lysine is one of the major components of naturally occurring mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs). Dihydroxylated aromatics are structurally related to 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine, another main component of MAPs. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses show that the epsilon-amino group of L-lysine is able to cross-link dihydroxylated aromatics. Additional oligomer and polymer cross-linked products were obtained from di- and oligopeptides containing L-lysine. Potential applications in medicine or industry for biomaterials synthesised via the three component system consisting of the oligopeptide [Tyr-Lys]10, dihydroxylated aromatics and laccase are discussed.
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PMID:Laccase-catalyzed cross-linking of amino acids and peptides with dihydroxylated aromatic compounds. 2014 13


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