Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.10.3.1 (tyrosinase)
 9,065 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Trypsin activated in a similar way both the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopa-oxidasa activities of frog epidermis tyrosinase. Several electron donors reduced or eliminated the lag period for the hydroxylating enzyme. 4 x 10(-5) M dopa was particularly effective, but without affecting the stationary activity after lag period. Tyrosine hydroxylase had KM = 2.6 X 10(-3) M for tyrosine and 2 x 10(-3) M dopa was a competitive inhibitor with Ki = 5 x 10(-4) M. The enzyme was inactivated during its actuation. Data on thermal denaturation were similar to other obtained from dopa oxidase. Our results tend to confirm our previous hypothesis that the activatory process of the enzyme is accompanied by a spatial unfolding of the enzyme molecule.
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PMID:Hydroxylating activity of frog epidermis tyrosinase. 11 54

The T1 variety of tyrosinase is present in both particulate and soluble or readily solubilized forms in the pigmented hypodermis (hair bulbs) of C57BL mice and Harding-Passey mouse melanoma. Trypsin treatment of 35,000g supernatants containing the microsomal (small granule) fraction of gentle homogenates of hair bulbs and melanoma results in significantly increased T1 activity within polyacrylamide gels. Similar treatment of 100,000g supernatants results in a slight increase in T1 activity. Addition of Triton-X or DOC to 35,000g supernatants of hair bulb and melanoma homogenates followed by centrifugation at 100,000g results in a marked enhancement of T1 when the latter supernatants are treated with trypsin. In the absence of trypsin treatment, T1 activity is comparable to nondetergent-treated controls. A slow-moving dopa-reactive band (Ts) is found in electropherograms of the nontrypsinized 100,000g supernants of detergent-treated 35,000g supernatants. It is absent in those treated with trypsin. The slow-moving enzyme appears to give rise to T1 molecules when eluted from acrylamide gels and even to a greater extent when elution is combined with trypsin treatment prior to reelectrophoresis. In mammals, tyrosinase apparently is not derived by a proteolytic activation of protyrosinase.
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PMID:Action of trypsin and detergents on tyrosinase of normal and malignant melanocytes. 81 38

A small gel electrophoretic system has been developed for the study of tryosinase from human hairbulb melanocytes. Enzyme is released from the hairbulb with Triton X-100. Electrophoresis is run in 60 mm microcapillary pipettes with an internal diameter of 1.5 mm. With this technique, tyrosinase from normally pigmented brown, black, blond, and red hairbulbs gives a single band when the gel is stained with L-dopa for enzyme activity. Tryosinase from tryosinase-positive oculocutaneous albino and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome hairbulbs gives a single L-dopa band. Neuraminidase pretreatment of the tyrosinase from normal and albino hairbulbs changes the migration of the tyrosinase band to a less anodal position. Trypsin pretreatment has no effect. We conclude that human hairbulb tyrosinase is a glycoprotein and that tyrosinase-positive albino tyrosinase has no major electrophoretic difference from normal enzyme.
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PMID:Electrophoretic pattern of human hairbulb tyrosinase. 679 92

High molecular weight forms of tyrosinase have been found to be expressed during spontaneous remelanization of the amelanotic B-16 melanoma cells in culture as well as in melanotic tumors formed from amelanotic melanoma cells grown in C57BL/6J mice. Overnight extraction of the crude melanosomal fractions from such tumors and cultured melanoma cells reveal the presence of an additional DOPA-MBTH positive band well below the stacking gel. This band has been found to be alpha-PEP7 (antibody specific for tyrosinase) positive and alpha-PEP1 (antibody specific for TRP-1) negative on Western blot analysis. Heat treatment at 60 degrees C for 60 min results in the loss of this band and considerable loss of activity of the melanosomal extract. Trypsin treatment of these melanosomal extracts resulted in a minor change in the mobility of the high molecular weight band. SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions followed by Western blotting revealed that the high molecular weight band was lost and not detected by alpha-PEP7 or alpha-PEP1. These findings indicate that high molecular weight, heat sensitive and trypsin resistant forms of tyrosinase are transiently expressed in B-16 melanoma cells and tumors that are initiating remelanization following phenotypic drift towards the amelanotic state.
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PMID:Transient expression of high molecular weight, heat sensitive, trypsin-resistant form of tyrosinase in B-16 melanoma cells. 987 May 50

Polyphenol oxidase of leaves is located mainly in chloroplasts isolated by differential or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This activity is part of the lamellar structure that is not lost on repeated washing of the plastids. The oxidase activity was stable during prolonged storage of the particles at 4 C or -18 C. The Km (dihydroxyphenylalanine) for spinach leaf polyphenol oxidase was 7 mm by a spectrophotometric assay and 2 mm by the manometric assay. Polyphenol oxidase activity in the leaf peroxisomal fraction, after isopycnic centrifugation on a linear sucrose gradient, did not coincide with the peroxisomal enzymes but was attributed to proplastids at nearly the same specific density.Plants were grouped by the latency properties for polyphenol oxidase in their isolated chloroplasts. In a group including spinach, Swiss chard, and beet leaves the plastids immediately after preparation from fresh leaves required a small amount of light for maximal rates of oxidation of dihydroxyphenylalanine. Polyphenol oxidase activity in the dark or light increased many fold during aging of these chloroplasts for 1 to 5 days. Soluble polyphenol oxidase of the cytoplasm was not so stimulated. Chloroplasts prepared from stored leaves were also much more active than from fresh leaves. Maximum rates of dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidation were 2 to 6 mmoles x mg(-1) chlorophyll x hr(-1). Equal stimulation of latent polyphenol oxidase in fresh or aged chloroplasts in this group was obtained by either light, an aged trypsin digest, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, or antimycin A. A variety of other treatments did not activate or had little effect on the oxidase, including various peptides, salts, detergents, and other proteolytic enzymes.Activation of latent polyphenol oxidase in spinach chloroplasts by trypsin amounted to as much as 30-fold. The trypsin activation occurred even after the trypsin had been treated with 10% trichloroacetic acid, 1.0 n HCl or boiled for 30 minutes. No single peptide from the digested trypsin was found to be the sole activating factor. About 0.25 mug of trypsin activated 50% the polyphenol oxidase activity in a standard chloroplast assay containing 2.1 mug of chlorophyll. Treatment of spinach chloroplasts with tris buffer or ethylenediamine tetraacetate extracted the ATPase activity, but the polyphenol oxidase activity remained with the broken plastids. However these treatments increased the latent polyphenol oxidase activity 50- to 100-fold.Chloroplasts from a second group of plants, including alfalfa, wheat, oats, peas, and sugarcane leaves, oxidized dihydroxyphenylalanine at a rate of 11 to 120 mumoles x mg(-1) chlorophyll x hr(-1). Polyphenol oxidase in these chloroplasts required a low intensity of red light for activity. Fifty or 75% activation of the oxidase in wheat chloroplasts required 4 to 6 foot candles of light and more light was required for alfalfa chloroplasts. Blue or far red light were ineffective. Trypsin was inhibitory. Upon aging chloroplasts from wheat leaves, but not alfalfa or peas, for 5 to 7 days at 4 C the total polyphenol oxidase activity did not increase, but the activation characteristics changed to those of chloroplasts from the spinach group. Chloroplasts from a third group of plants, including bean, tomato, and corn leaves, slowly oxidized dihydroxyphenylalanine in the dark and exhibited no latency.
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PMID:Activation of polyphenol oxidase of chloroplasts. 1665 8

Despite their economic and ecological importance, defense responses of conifers to pests are little understood. In a 3-year experiment, we monitored systemic fungal (Diplodia pinea)- and insect (Neodiprion sertifer)-induced defense protein activities and total soluble proteins in needles and phloem of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) across a soil fertility gradient. In both years, total soluble protein content of foliage and phloem declined with increasing fertility across induction treatments, while defensive protein activities generally increased with increasing fertility. In 2005, total soluble protein content in branch phloem was increased by fungal inoculation of the stem. Peroxidase activity was suppressed in needles by insect defoliation in 2006, while polyphenol oxidase activity was systemically induced in branch phloem by insect attack in 2005. Trypsin inhibitor activities in phloem did not respond to any induction or fertility treatment. Nutritive quality of Austrian pine tissue declined with increasing fertility, while several protein-based defenses simultaneously increased.
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PMID:Effects of fertilization and fungal and insect attack on systemic protein defenses of austrian pine. 1883 53

New active sites can be introduced into naturally occurring enzymes by the chemical modification of specific amino acid residues in concert with genetic techniques. Chemical strategies have had a significant impact in the field of enzyme design such as modifying the selectivity and catalytic activity which is very different from those of the corresponding native enzymes. Thus, chemical modification has been exploited for the incorporation of active site binding analogs onto protein templates and for atom replacement in order to generate new functionality such as the conversion of a hydrolase into a peroxidase. The introduction of a coordination complex into a substrate binding pocket of trypsin could probably also be extended to various enzymes of significant therapeutic and biotechnological importance. The aim of this study is the conversion of trypsin into a copper enzyme: tyrosinase by chemical modification. Tyrosinase is a biocatalyst (EC.1.14.18.1) containing two atoms of copper per active site with monooxygenase activity. The active site of trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), a serine protease was chemically modified by copper (Cu(+2)) introduced p-aminobenzamidine (pABA- Cu(+2): guanidine containing schiff base metal chelate) which exhibits affinity for the carboxylate group in the active site as trypsin-like inhibitor. Trypsin and the resultant semisynthetic enzyme preparation was analysed by means of its trypsin and catechol oxidase/tyrosinase activity. After chemical modification, trypsin-pABA-Cu(+2) preparation lost 63% of its trypsin activity and gained tyrosinase/catechol oxidase activity. The kinetic properties (K(cat), K(m), K(cat)/K(m)), optimum pH and temperature of the trypsin-pABA-Cu(+2) complex was also investigated.
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PMID:Conversion of trypsin to a copper enzyme: tyrosinase/catechol oxidase by chemical modification. 2002 99

Tyrosinases act in the development of organoleptic properties of tea, raisins, etc., but also cause unwanted browning of fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms. The tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus has been used as a model to study tyrosinase inhibitors, which are also indispensable in the treatment of skin pigmentation disorders. However, this model has disadvantages such as side enzyme activities and the presence of multiple isoenzymes. Therefore, we aimed to introduce a new tyrosinase model. The pro-tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius was overproduced in Escherichia coli. Trypsin digestion led to a cleavage after R388 and hence enzyme activation. The tyrosinase was a homodimer and transformed L-DOPA and tert-butylcatechol preferentially. Various aurons were examined as effectors of this enzyme. 2'- and 3'-hydroxyaurones acted as its activators and 2',4'-dihydroxyaurone as an inhibitor, whereas 4'-hydroxyaurones were its substrates. The enzyme is a promising model for tyrosinase effector studies, being a single isoenzyme and void of side enzyme activities.
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PMID:Recombinant Tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius: Overproduction in Escherichia coli, Characterization, and Use in a Study of Aurones as Tyrosinase Effectors. 2696 52