Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.10.3.1 (tyrosinase)
9,065 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cysteine is known to be involved in pheomelanin synthesis. Available evidence, however, indicates that glutathione may also play an important role in melanogenesis. This in vitro study clarifies how cysteine and glutathione participate in melanogenesis. Melanins were prepared by tyrosinase oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) with various amounts of cysteine or glutathione, and were subjected to HCl hydrolysis. Synthetic melanins and the hydrolyzed melanins gave N/S molar ratios corresponding to those calculated from the ratio of dopa to cysteine or glutathione. On hydriodic acid hydrolysis, dopa plus cysteine-melanins and dopa plus glutathione-melanins gave aminohydroxyphenylalanine and cysteine, respectively, the yields of which were proportional to the sulfur content. The results indicate that cysteine is integrated into benzothiazine units (pheomelanins) while glutathione is connected to dihydroxyindole units (eumelanins) with the retention of glutathione moiety. Analysis of natural melanins, prepared by HCl hydrolysis of Sepia, B16, and Harding-Passey melanosomes, indicates that sulfur (0.4-1.4%) in these natural melanins may be derived artificially from the reaction of melanins with cysteine or cystine in the course of HCl hydrolysis.
...
PMID:Incorporation of sulfhydryl compounds into melanins in vitro. 312 Jul 89

The reflecting material of the tapetum lucidum of the sea catfish (Arius felis) was chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 in methanol-dimethyl sulphoxide-formic acid. Two components were present: one, showing an absorption maximum at 330nm, was tapetal pigment; the other, at 257nm, was an associated nucleoside. The tapetal pigment was extracted in methanol-HCl and isolated by adsorption chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. It yielded a methoxy methyl ester on treatment with diazomethane, and permanganate oxidation gave pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid. From the information provided by u.v. and i.r. spectra of the pigment and its methoxy methyl ester, from elemental analyses and from the oxidation products, we suggest that the tapetal pigment is derived from oxidative coupling of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid. A molecular-weight determination and chromatography of the methoxy methyl ester indicate that the pigment is a mixture of oligomers, among which the tetramers probably predominate. We consider that the monomers are joined mainly by C-C linkages at positions 4 and 7. A synthetic pigment having spectral properties nearly identical with those of the natural pigment was prepared by enzymic oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid with mushroom tyrosinase. The identity of the tapetal pigment with the synthetic pigment was further confirmed by comparing u.v. and i.r. spectra of their methoxy methyl esters. Formation of the tapetal pigment from tyrosine and relationships of the tapetal pigment to melanin are discussed.
...
PMID:Isolation of oligomers of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid from the eye of the catfish. 446 51

Rational chemotherapy of malignant melanoma could be developed by taking advantage of the presence of melanogenic enzymes in melanoma cells. 4-S-Cysteaminylphenol (4-S-CAP) has been evaluated for melanocytotoxicity and antimelanoma effect. Although 4-S-CAP is selectively toxic to pigmented melanoma cells, it is not potent enough when applied as a single agent. To increase the efficacy of 4-S-CAP, we synthesized 4-S-cysteaminylcatechol (4-S-CAC), an activated form of 4-S-CAP, and compared its biochemical properties and antimelanoma effects with those of the isomers 3-S-cysteaminylcatechol (3-S-CAC) and 2-S-cysteaminyl-hydroquinone (2-S-CAH). 4-S-CAC was found to be a better substrate for melanoma tyrosinase than was L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, the natural catecholic substrate. 3-S-CAC was a poor substrate, whereas 2-S-CAH was not a substrate. 4-S-CAC was the most cytotoxic to three lines of melanoma cells in vitro, followed by 2-S-CAH and 3-S-CAC. When applied i.p. for 9 days at a dose of 100 mg/kg, 4-S-CAC.HCl, increased by 46-52% the life span of C57BL/6 mice inoculated i.p. with B16 melanoma; this effect was comparable to that of a 50 mg/kg dose of 5-(3,3-dimethyltriazenyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide. 3-S-CAC was marginally effective, whereas 2-S-CAH was toxic to the host. This systemic toxicity of 2-S-CAH reflected its susceptibility to autoxidation. Growth of B16 melanoma cells inoculated s.c. was significantly inhibited by i.p. administration of 4-S-CAC.HCl (200 mg/kg) for 5 days (P < 0.05). These results suggest that 4-S-CAC is a potent antimelanoma agent, the effect of which is mostly mediated through tyrosinase oxidation.
...
PMID:Antimelanoma effect of 4-S-cysteaminylcatechol, an activated form of 4-S-cysteaminylphenol. 778 Sep 75

To explore drug-melanin interactions, we examined the in vitro tyrosinase-mediated formation of melanin from tyrosine in the presence of the 3H-cocaine (3H-COC), 3H-flunitrazepam (3H-FLU), and 3H-nicotine (3H-NIC) at 10-100,000 ng/mL. Polymerization in the presence of 10 or 100 ng/mL of each drug resulted in almost complete drug incorporation into the melanin pellet. Only 12% (3H-NIC) to 28% (3H-FLU) of the pellet-associated radioactivity could be released upon treatment with 6 M HCl. At 1000-100,000 ng/mL, between 20 and 50% of label became melanin-associated. In each case a significant percentage of melanin-associated radioactivity was resistant to treatment with 6 M HCl. Nicotine-associated radioactivity in the polymer was subject to much greater quenching than was 3H-COC or 3H-FLU, suggesting a much tighter association with the melanin. The subsequent demonstration of a covalent adduct of a melanin intermediate and nicotine has demonstrated the utility of this polymerization system as a model for further chemical characterization of drug-melanin interactions.
...
PMID:3H-nicotine, 3H-flunitrazepam, and 3H-cocaine incorporation into melanin: a model for the examination of drug-melanin interactions. 1159 8

The 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-androstenone HCl (U18666A), progesterone and several cationic amphiphilic drugs have been shown to alter the trafficking of a number of intracellular membrane proteins including CD63/Lamp-3, insulin growth factor 2/mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF2/MPR), and the Niemann-Pick C1 gene product (NPC1) as well as ganglioside GM1. We have examined the effects of these compounds on cultured melanocytes at concentrations that have been shown to effectively alter intracellular trafficking. Treatment of melanocytes with U18666A (2.5 micro M) or progesterone (15 micro M) for 96 h decreased melanin content an average of 67% as compared with control without lowering the total cellular tyrosinase activity. Steroidal alkaloids that preferentially act on the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway showed no related specificity in their ability to decrease pigmentation. In melanocytes treated with U18666A, tyrosinase accumulates in a compartment that contains both lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (Lamp 1) and MPR, and stains with filipin, consistent with cholesterol-laden late endosomes/lysosomes. Our results suggest that tyrosinase, like the NPC1 gene product, traverses a U18666A-sensitive trafficking pathway.
...
PMID:Accumulation of tyrosinase in the endolysosomal compartment is induced by U18666A. 1262 92

The change in polyphenol content in the primed leaves of burley, flue-cured, and Turkish tobaccos during air-curing was related to the activities and isozymes of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. The quantity of chlorogenic acid was rapidly reduced during the first week of curing. The decrease in rutin content during curing was less significant, especially when the concentration of chlorogenic acid was high in leaf tissues. This result was further confirmed by in vitro assays with partially purified tobacco polyphenol oxidase.The polyphenol oxidase activity did not differ at any stage of curing in the 3 tobaccos. When the activity was measured by the oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine it rose rapidly during the first day of curing and then decreased sharply so that in the fully cured leaf only 15% activity remained. The increase in activity was not observed when chlorogenic acid was used as the substrate. A similar level of peroxidase activity was found in the 3 tobaccos before curing. Peroxidase activities increased rapidly during the first 24 hr of curing, declined thereafter, and remained highest in the flue-cured tobacco, less in the Turkish line, and least in the burley at the end of curing process.By polyacrylamide gel block electrophoresis, 10 peroxidase isozyme bands, 2 cationic and 8 anionic, appeared identical in all 3 tobaccos. When catechol replaced benzidine-2 HCl as the electron donor, 1 cationic and 2 anionic peroxidase isozymes did not form. Of interest is that the same 10 peroxidase isozyme bands also exhibited polyphenol oxidase activities when treated with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or chlorogenic acid. Results suggest that in the crude tobacco leaf extract the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase may associate as protein complexes, and peroxidase isozymes may differ in electron-donor requirements. Isozyme patterns for both oxidases at various curing intervals differed only quantitatively.
...
PMID:Studies on polyphenol content, activities and isozymes of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase during air-curing in three tobacco types. 1665 46

Polyphenol oxidase of leaves is located mainly in chloroplasts isolated by differential or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This activity is part of the lamellar structure that is not lost on repeated washing of the plastids. The oxidase activity was stable during prolonged storage of the particles at 4 C or -18 C. The Km (dihydroxyphenylalanine) for spinach leaf polyphenol oxidase was 7 mm by a spectrophotometric assay and 2 mm by the manometric assay. Polyphenol oxidase activity in the leaf peroxisomal fraction, after isopycnic centrifugation on a linear sucrose gradient, did not coincide with the peroxisomal enzymes but was attributed to proplastids at nearly the same specific density.Plants were grouped by the latency properties for polyphenol oxidase in their isolated chloroplasts. In a group including spinach, Swiss chard, and beet leaves the plastids immediately after preparation from fresh leaves required a small amount of light for maximal rates of oxidation of dihydroxyphenylalanine. Polyphenol oxidase activity in the dark or light increased many fold during aging of these chloroplasts for 1 to 5 days. Soluble polyphenol oxidase of the cytoplasm was not so stimulated. Chloroplasts prepared from stored leaves were also much more active than from fresh leaves. Maximum rates of dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidation were 2 to 6 mmoles x mg(-1) chlorophyll x hr(-1). Equal stimulation of latent polyphenol oxidase in fresh or aged chloroplasts in this group was obtained by either light, an aged trypsin digest, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, or antimycin A. A variety of other treatments did not activate or had little effect on the oxidase, including various peptides, salts, detergents, and other proteolytic enzymes.Activation of latent polyphenol oxidase in spinach chloroplasts by trypsin amounted to as much as 30-fold. The trypsin activation occurred even after the trypsin had been treated with 10% trichloroacetic acid, 1.0 n HCl or boiled for 30 minutes. No single peptide from the digested trypsin was found to be the sole activating factor. About 0.25 mug of trypsin activated 50% the polyphenol oxidase activity in a standard chloroplast assay containing 2.1 mug of chlorophyll. Treatment of spinach chloroplasts with tris buffer or ethylenediamine tetraacetate extracted the ATPase activity, but the polyphenol oxidase activity remained with the broken plastids. However these treatments increased the latent polyphenol oxidase activity 50- to 100-fold.Chloroplasts from a second group of plants, including alfalfa, wheat, oats, peas, and sugarcane leaves, oxidized dihydroxyphenylalanine at a rate of 11 to 120 mumoles x mg(-1) chlorophyll x hr(-1). Polyphenol oxidase in these chloroplasts required a low intensity of red light for activity. Fifty or 75% activation of the oxidase in wheat chloroplasts required 4 to 6 foot candles of light and more light was required for alfalfa chloroplasts. Blue or far red light were ineffective. Trypsin was inhibitory. Upon aging chloroplasts from wheat leaves, but not alfalfa or peas, for 5 to 7 days at 4 C the total polyphenol oxidase activity did not increase, but the activation characteristics changed to those of chloroplasts from the spinach group. Chloroplasts from a third group of plants, including bean, tomato, and corn leaves, slowly oxidized dihydroxyphenylalanine in the dark and exhibited no latency.
...
PMID:Activation of polyphenol oxidase of chloroplasts. 1665 8

The incorporation of [(14)C]phenylalanine and [1,6-(14)C]shikimic acid into tyrosine was investigated in the callus of Portulaca grandiflora, var. JR (L.). By inhibiting phenylalanine with 1-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenyl-propionic acid and tyrosinase with 1-cysteine-HCl and hydrazine-hydrate, the possible synthesis of tyrosine from phenylalanine was demonstrated. Tetrahydropterine sulfate was an effective activator of this pathway and tyrosine accumulation via 4-hydroxy-prephenic acid is regulated by feedback inhibition. l-alpha-Amminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid inhibits both phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the production of phenylalanine from prephenic acid.
...
PMID:Conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine by portulaca callus. 1666

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.14.18.1) catalyzes the hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols (cresolase activity) and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones (catecholase activity), leading to browning in plants and produce. Further interest in the enzyme has been triggered by the active role that it plays in plant defense systems. PPO can be found in latent forms and is activated in vitro by various agents including urea, detergents, and proteases. The activation of PPO from several sources by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been extensively investigated, but reports on the effect of other detergents or on the differential effect of detergents on each of PPO's activities are scarce. In addition, investigations on the enzyme in other plant parts besides fruits and vegetables are also scarce. Here, the effect of various detergents and chaotropic agents on PPO from dormant saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corm extract was investigated. SDS and sarkosyl activated the cresolase activity, while only SDS activated the catecholase activity. All other detergents tested, in milli- or micromolar concentrations, inhibited the cresolase activity but barely affected the catecholase activity. In contrast, urea and guanidine-HCl drastically inhibited the catecholase activity but moderately inhibited the cresolase activity. The same effects were obtained on the partially purified enzyme. Results identified a PPO, present in dormant corms, which was activated only by anionic detergents and was inhibited by other reputed activating agents such as urea. Results also emphasized the differences in structure and accessibility of the active sites for cresolase and catecholase activities.
...
PMID:Effect of ionic detergents, nonionic detergents, and chaotropic agents on polyphenol oxidase activity from dormant saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corms. 1740 18

Immobilized tyrosinase on aminopropyl-controlled pore glass support (AMP-CPG) was used to determine the antioxidant capacity index and the total phenol content in juices, integrators, infusions, jams, and drugs containing bilberry fruits. The method is based on the chromatographic determination of the decrease of total ingredients content, absorbing at 280 nm, by mushroom tyrosinase oxidation. In comparison with the widely used Folin-Ciocalteu method (FC), this enzymatic method appears to be more specific and rapid and as whole is not affected by interfering compounds such as citric acid and sugar. The results were also compared with those obtained by 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)/persulfate antioxidant assay, expressed as Trolox equivalents (TEAC) . Using all 17 samples, a good linear correlation (r(2) > 0.94) was observed between the enzyme assay and both the FC and TEAC assays. Poor correlation (r(2) < 0.4) with the other tested methods (pH-differential, vanillin index, and butanol-HCl assays) was evidenced. This shows that the enzymatic assay cannot be applied for a specific phenol class determination, but it is sensitive to the total phenolic content.
...
PMID:Determination of an antioxidant capacity index by immobilized tyrosinase bioreactor. 1953 Jul 10


1 2 3 Next >>

---