Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.10.3.1 (tyrosinase)
 9,065 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Chloroplasts isolated from leaves of spinach-beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) do not catalyse the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid in the dark unless a reductant (such as ascorbate, NADH or NADPH) is added. Superoxide dismutase has no effect on this reaction. 2. Illuminated chloroplasts catalyse the hydroxylation in the absence of added reductant. This reaction is completely inhibited by superoxide dismutase, but catalase has little effect. 3. Both hydroxylation in the light and hydroxylation in the dark in the presence of reductants are inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate, EDTA, cyanide and 2-mercaptoethanol. 4. It is proposed that O-2- generated by illuminated chloroplasts is involved in the provision of a reductant to the enzyme phenolase.
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PMID:Hydroxylation of p-Coumaric acid by illuminated chloroplasts. The role of superoxide. 0 Feb 35

1. A spectrophotometric assay is described that enables the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid, catalysed by spinach-beet phenolase, to be followed continuously. 2. Initial-velocity and inhibitor studies indicate that the order of substrate addition is oxygen, p-coumaric acid and electron donor, with an irreversible step separating the binding of each substrate. 3. Caffeic acid is most likely to act as electron donor at the active site; other electron donors, such as ascorbic acid, NADH and dimethyltetrahydropteridine, function mainly to recycle cofactor amounts of caffeic acid. 4. A reaction scheme, consistent with these data, is proposed.
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PMID:Kinetic studies on the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid by spinach-beet phenolase. 17 Sep 16

The mutagenic activity of quercetin for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 was inhibited by addition of metal salts. MnCl2 was a potent inhibitor, followed by CuCl2, FeSO4, and FeCl3, the probable mechanism being facilitated catalytic oxidation of quercetin. With quercetin incorporated at a level of 100 nmoles/plate, approximate doses (nmoles/plate) to give 50% inhibition of mutagenic activity were: MnCl2 less than 10 (-S9), 18 (+S9); CuCl2 65 (-S9), greater than 100 (+S9); FeSO4 190 (-S9), greater than 300 (+S9); or FeCl3 275 (-S9), greater than 300 (+S9). Ascorbate, superoxide dismutase, and, to a lesser extent, NADH and NADPH, all enhanced the mutagenic activity of quercetin in the absence of the mammalian-microsome (S9) system, but had no significant effect in the presence of the S9 mix. The maximum enhancement of activity by ascorbate or superoxide dismutase was approximately 87% of the increase achieved by addition of the S9 mix. Tyrosinase (catechol oxidase) substantially reduced the mutagenic activity of quercetin in the absence of the S9 mix. At lower levels of tyrosinase, activity was restored by incorporation of the S9 mix. It is proposed that the S9 mix enhances the mutagenic activity of quercetin by scavenging superoxide radicals, thus inhibiting the autoxidation of quercetin, and possibly by reducing quinone oxidation products of quercetin. The mutagenic activity of quercetin increased substantially when the pH of the media was decreased. This may be due in part to a decrease in ionization of quercetin at lower pH, thereby increasing its absorption by the tester strain, to a decrease in the rate of autoxidation of quercetin at lower pH, or to a combination of these.
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PMID:Factors affecting the mutagenic activity of quercetin for Salmonella typhimurium TA98: metal ions, antioxidants and pH. 391 57

1. The conditions under which oxygen consumption in excess of that required for the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid, catalysed by spinach-beet phenolase, can be suppressed, have been examined. 2. With dimethyltetrahydropteridine as electron donor, oxygen uptake was exactly equivalent to the caffeic acid produced, provided that p-coumaric acid was in excess, but with excess of reductant, oxygen uptake caused by the further oxidation of caffeic acid was also observed. 3. With equal concentrations of ascorbate and p-coumaric acid, equivalent oxygen uptake and caffeic acid production was found only in the first stages of the reaction, whereas with NADH substituted for ascorbate, oxygen uptake was in excess throughout. 4. When ascorbate was used, the period of the reaction over which this equivalence was found was decreased at high reaction rates and not observed at all with aged enzyme preparations; equivalence was restored by adding bovine serum albumin to these aged preparations. 5. Equivalence between oxygen consumption and caffeic acid production was observed with NADH, if small quantities of dimethyltetrahydropteridine were also added. 6. It is concluded that hydroxylation proceeds without the concomitant production of caffeic acid only if the enzyme is stabilized for hydroxylation by p-coumaric acid and the reductant, and is protected from attack by o-quinones.
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PMID:The expression of catechol oxidase activity during the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid by spinach-beet phenolase. 434 45

1. An enzyme from the leaves of spinach beet (Beta vulgaris L.) that catalyses the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid in the presence of ascorbate has been purified about 1000-fold on a protein basis. 2. It is activated by high concentrations of ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride. 3. The preparation shows both hydroxylase and catechol oxidase activities, in a constant ratio throughout the purification procedure; they are similarly activated by salts. 4. Ascorbate acts as a reductant in quantities equivalent to the caffeic acid produced by hydroxylation. 5. Ascorbate can be replaced by tetrahydrofolic acid, NADH, NADPH or 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine, but not by caffeic acid. Among these, the pteridine is the most effective, but the reaction is not inhibited by aminopterin. In experiments with saturating concentrations of NADH and the pteridine, these reductants compete in the reaction and are equivalent on a molar basis. 6. No cofactor has been separated from the enzyme by prolonged dialysis. 7. The relation of the enzyme to other hydroxylases and phenolases is discussed.
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PMID:The hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid by an enzyme from leaves of spinach beet (Beta vulgaris L.). 438 84

The specificity of mushroom tyrosinase in displacing 3H from estradiol and catechol estrogens labeled at C-1, C-2, C-4 or C-6,7 was investigated under various conditions. [2-3H]E2 Yielded significant amounts of 3H2O, in the presence of NADH, and the rate of 3H loss from the steroid paralleled that of the radioactivity remaining in the aqueous fraction after extraction with organic solvents. NADH had little effect on the release of 3H from [1-3H]E2 or [4-3H]E2 but glutathione was highly active in this respect, with considerable differences being observed between lyophilizable 3H2O and yields of water-soluble products. It is proposed that 3H losses from C-2 of estradiol reflects oxidative displacement of this isotope by tyrosinase while the loss observed from C-1 and C-4 is the result of non-enzymatic conjugation with glutathione after the formation of the catechol estrogen. The difference between lyophilizable 3H2O and the yield of water-soluble products obtained with [1-3H]E2 and [4-3H]E2 provided a measure of the relative amount of conjugation occurring at C-1 and C-4. These findings were confirmed by double label experiments with 3H- and 14C-labeled estrogens and the isolation of the glutathionyl derivatives. The catechol estrogens did not serve as substrates for further hydroxylation by the enzyme even when C-2 was available for this reaction. These experiments give further information about the specificity of tyrosinase in its reaction with aromatic steroids and provide a simple and rapid method for confirming the distribution of 3H at C-2 or C-4 of estradiol.
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PMID:Regiospecific transfer of tritium into 3H2O from labeled estrogens by mushroom tyrosinase. 609 83

A substrate recycling assay for phenolic compounds was developed using tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme, in excess NADH. The reaction of various phenols with the enzyme produced an o-quinone, which was then detected by recycling between reactions with the enzyme and NADH. The recycling of quinones by excess NADH to their original reduced forms prevented the problems of subsequent quinone polymerization and product inactivation which occur in nonrecycling assays. Absorbance measurements of the NADH consumption rate enhanced the assay sensitivity for catechol 100-fold compared to nonrecycling o-quinone detection, giving a detection limit of 240 nM. Fluorescence NADH monitoring permitted a 10-fold improvement over absorbance, with a detection limit of 23 nM. The recycling reaction was selective for o-quinones, and no interference was noted for p-quinones or quinoneimines. The two-step oxidation of phenols was observed as an initial lag phase (ca. 10 min), requiring a higher enzyme concentration to achieve the same sensitivity as that for catechol. The procedure was most useful for assaying catechol, 4-chlorocatechol, phenol, p-cresol, and 4-chlorophenol and may provide selective detection of these components in mixtures. Several other derivatives of catechols, including amine derivatives, were also detected, with relative sensitivity being related to substrate activity of the enzyme.
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PMID:A substrate recycling assay for phenolic compounds using tyrosinase and NADH. 785 38

Opioid peptides are converted by mushroom tyrosinase into melanin-like compounds retaining the peptide moiety (opio-melanins). Opio-melanins, owing to the presence of the linked aminoacids and in contrast with DOPA-melanin, are soluble compounds. The enkephalin-generated melanins are cleaved by carboxypeptidase A and pronase whereas aminopeptidase M cannot remove aminoacids from the pigment. Enkephalins, as well as other opioid peptides, (alpha-endorphin, kyotorphin, esorphins) if oxidized in presence of DOPA and tyrosinase are readily incorporated into DOPA-melanin. The resulting mixed-melanins (opio-melanin + DOPA-melanin) can be solubilized in hydrophilic solvents. Melanin from leu-enkephalin exhibits paramagnetism as evidenced by an EPR spectrum identical to that of DOPA-melanin, but unlike the latter pigment, it does not appear to oxidize NADH, probably for the presence of the peptide moiety that exerts a hampering effect on the oxidizing capacity.
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PMID:Some biochemical properties of melanins from opioid peptides. 790 28

In vitro experiments are reported showing that NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase (QR), purified from Glycine max seedlings, reduces Leu- and Met-enkephalin-tyrosinase oxidation products, in the presence of NADH or NADPH. QR was not capable to catalyze the reduction of N-acetyl-dopaquinone formed by the cation of mushroom tyrosinase on N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, while it was able to reduce dopachrome. The results support the hypothesis that QR can inhibit the formation of melanin-like compounds, as catalyzed by the action of tyrosinase on Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin. It is proposed that, in the presence of NAD(P)H as the electron donor, the inhibition occurs by the specific conversion of the dopachrome-derivative into the reduced precursor, leucodopachrome-derivative.
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PMID:Effect of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase on tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of opioid neuropeptides Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin. 867 15

A 4-coumaroyl-CoA 3-hydroxylase activity was purified 4600-fold from cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. The enzyme showed a molecular mass of 42,400 +/- 1700 Da in gel chromatography and required ascorbate, NADH, or NADPH as cofactors. 4-Coumaroyl-CoA, 4-coumarate, p-cresol, and several other phenolic substances, but not tyrosine, were accepted as substrates for the hydroxylation. Besides hydroxylase activity, the enzyme showed diphenol oxidase activity. Both activities were inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate or beta-mercaptoethanol, although at different concentrations. The enzyme showed striking similarity to a 4-coumaroyl-glucose 3-hydroxylase from sweet potato (Ipomoe batatas) roots, which has reportedly been purified to homogeneity and identified as a specific enzyme of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis. Close examination and comparison to a commercially available polyphenol oxidase, however, suggest that the enzyme activities purified from both Lithospermum and sweet potato are polyphenol oxidases rather than specific enzymes of secondary metabolism.
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PMID:4-Coumaroyl coenzyme A 3-hydroxylase activity from cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and its relationship to polyphenol oxidase. 936 32


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