Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.10.3.1 (tyrosinase)
 9,065 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report a kinetics study on hen egg white lysozyme's (HEWL) inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase catalysis of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (L-DOPA) or L-tyrosine. For the first time, we demonstrate HEWL as a robust inhibitor against mushroom tyrosinase in catalysis of both substrates. The kinetics pattern matches a mixed (mostly non-competitive) partial inhibition. Ki and ID50 value of HEWL are more than 20-fold lower than that of kojic acid, a well-known chemical inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase. Ki, alpha value and beta value, are almost identical in both experiments (L-DOPA and L-tyrosine as substrates, respectively), which suggests this common inhibition mechanism affects both steps. The inhibitory effect increases as both proteins were mixed and pre-incubated for less than 1 h. HEWL-depletion only removed about half of the inhibitory effect. Here we propose a novel function of HEWL, which combines the reversible inhibition and the irreversible inactivation toward mushroom tyrosinase. Discovery of HEWL as an inhibitor to mushroom tyrosinase catalysis may be commercially valuable in the food, medical and cosmetic industries.
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PMID:Hen egg white lysozyme as an inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase. 1651 93

In the present investigation, the previous ultraviolet irradiated mutant strain of Aspergillus oryzae UV-7 was further improved in terms of 3,4 dihydroxy phenyl L-alanine (L-DOPA) activity after chemical mutagenesis through 1-methyl 3-nitro 1-nitroso guanidine (MNNG = 250-1500 microg/ml) treatment (0-30 min). Among several mutant variants, the one that produced a larger amount of L-DOPA from L-tyrosine was designated to as ME2 and it was made 2-deoxy-D-glucose-resistant by growing it at various concentrations of 2 dg (0.01-0.025 %, w/v) in Vogel's agar medium. Relatively better production of L-DOPA (> 0.60 mg/ml) was obtained when 2.0% (w/v) glucose was used as a carbon source in the mycelium production medium and the tyrosinase activity increased constitutively (1.08 mg/ml), which resulted in a greater production of L-DOPA. At optimum pH0 (pH 6.0) and reaction time (60 min), more than 65% sugar was utilized for cell mass formation. The maximum conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA (0.428 mg/ml) was achieved 60 min after the biochemical reaction. Mould mycelium was used for microbiological conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA because tyrosinases, beta-carboxylases, and tyrosine hydroxylases are intracellular enzymes. The effect of illite (1.0 x 10(6)-6.0 x 10(6) M) on biochemical conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA by Aspergillus oryzae ME(2 )was also carried out. Best results of L-DOPA biosynthesis were observed when the concentration of illite was 3.5 x 10(-6) M (1.686 mg/ml L-DOPA produced with 1.525 mg/ml consumption of L-tyrosine). It was noted that the addition of illite not only increased enzyme activity but also enhanced the permeability of cell membrane to facilitate the secretion of enzymes into the reaction broth. The comparison of kinetic parameters showed the ability of mutant to yield L-DOPA (i.e., Yp/x 7.360 +/- 0.04 mg/mg). When the culture grown on various illite concentrations was monitored for Qp, Qs, and qp, there was significant enhancement (p < 0.025) in these variables over the control, which indicate that the study can be commercially applicable on stirred and magnetic rotary drums. Overall, there was up to 3-fold (Qp = 0.290 mg/L-DOPA produced/ml/h) enhancement in the product formation rate, which is highly encouraging (HS, LSD 0.456).
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PMID:Innovative effect of illite on improved microbiological conversion of L-tyrosine to 3,4 dihydroxy phenyl L-alanine (L-DOPA) by Aspergillus oryzae ME2 under acidic reaction conditions. 1703 88

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid radio-chromatography (radio-HPLC) was set up to detect the time course of labeled degradation product formation of the pentapeptide H-Tyr-Asp-Pro-Ala-Pro-OH (5P), which has oostatic effects in different insect species. The detection limit of the system was in the range of 80-150 Bq. To follow formation of the degradation products, three amino acid residues in 5P were independently tritiated: Tyr1, Pro3 and Pro5. Each of the three tritiated peptides was analyzed after incubation with fresh hemolymph or ovaries of Neobellieria bullata. In the incubation mixture, free terminal amino acids and shortened sequences of 5P were identified. A metabolite of tyrosine represented the only exception; it was finally identified as water using degradation of [3H]Tyr by tyrosinase. Metabolic degradation of [3H]Tyr-5P was found to be considerably quicker than that of H-[3H]Tyr-Asp-Pro-Ala-OH (4P). The degradation of 5P was considerably slower in ovaries in comparison to hemolymph.
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PMID:Radiochromatographic assay of metabolites of the oostatic peptide labeled in different positions of the peptide chain. 1711 Jan 77

Here we report for the first time the discovery of sheep that have black bones and black muscles. The spectral pattern of pigment extracted from tissues of these black-boned sheep is similar to that of black-boned Chinese silky fowl. Additionally, black-boned sheep have significantly higher plasma colour, tyrosinase activity and kidney function than normal sheep. Synonymous nucleotide substitutions in the tyrosinase (TYR) and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) genes were detected in black-boned sheep when compared with the corresponding sequences in normal sheep. In addition, a missense mutation (215T>C) in exon 2 of tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) was detected in black-boned sheep, and this resulted in a putative valine-to-alanine substitution at codon 68 (Val68Ala).
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PMID:Physiological and genetic characteristics of black-boned sheep (Ovis aries). 1712 5

Tyrosinase inhibition by peptides may find its application in food, cosmetics or medicine. In order to identify novel tyrosinase inhibitory peptides, protein-based peptide libraries made by SPOT synthesis were used to screen for peptides that show direct interaction with tyrosinase. One of the peptide libraries studied consists of overlapping, octameric peptides derived from industrial proteins as beta-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin, gliadin, glycinin, and beta-conglycinin. On-membrane activity staining resulted in a set of peptides that are not only able to bind to tyrosinase, but are able to inhibit tyrosinase as well. Peptides containing aspartic or glutamic acid residues usually do not bind very well to tyrosinase. Strong tyrosinase-binding peptides always contain one or more arginine residues, often in combination with phenylalanine, while lysine residues can be found equally among nonbinding peptides as well as moderate tyrosinase-binding peptides. The presence of the hydrophobic, aliphatic residues valine, alanine or leucine appears to be important for tyrosinase inhibition. Therefore, good tyrosinase inhibitory peptides preferably contain arginine and/or phenylalanine in combination with valine, alanine and/or leucine.
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PMID:Novel peptides with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. 1724 98

Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, play significant roles in numerous physiological events in mammals. As the effects of amino acids on melanogenesis have yet to be demonstrated, the present study was conducted to identify whether amino acids, in particular alanine, glycine, isoleucine and leucine, influence melanogenesis in B16F0 melanoma cells. Glycine and L-isoleucine, but not D-isoleucine, reduced melanogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner without any morphological changes in B16F0 melanoma cells. L-Alanine and L-leucine, but not D-alanine and D-leucine, also reduced melanogenesis without any morphological changes in B16F0 melanoma cells. However these amino acids did not show a concentration-dependency. Combination of L-alanine and the other amino acids, particularly 4 amino acids combination, had an additive effect on the inhibition of melanogenesis compared with single treatment of L-alanine. None of the amino acids affected the activity of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanogenesis. These results suggest that L-alanine, glycine, L-isoleucine and L-leucine, but not the D-form amino acids, have a hypopigmenting effect in B16F0 melanoma cells, and that these effects are not due to the inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Combination of these 4 amino acids had the additive effect on hypopigmentation that was as similar as that of kojic acid.
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PMID:Combination of amino acids reduces pigmentation in B16F0 melanoma cells. 1740 1

Tyrosinase (monophenol, 3,4-dihydroxy L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA):oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) was isolated from fruit bodies of Pholiota nameko and purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular weight of 42,000 and contained 1.9 copper atoms per molecule. The N-terminal of the purified enzyme could not be detected by Edman degradation, probably due to blocking, while the C-terminal sequence of the enzyme was determined to be -Ala-Ser-Val-Phe-OH. The amino acid sequence deduced by cDNA cloning was made up of 625 amino acid residues and contained two putative copper-binding sites highly conserved in tyrosinases from various organisms. The C-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme did not correspond to that of the deduced sequence, but agreed with Ala384-Ser385-Val386-Phe387 in sequence. When the encoded protein was truncated at Phe387, the molecular weight of the residual protein was calculated to be approximately 42,000. These results suggest that P. nameko tyrosinase is expressed as a proenzyme followed by specific cleavage to produce a mature enzyme.
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PMID:Purification, characterization, and molecular cloning of tyrosinase from Pholiota nameko. 1761 9

L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine), one of the most important intermediates in the melanin biosynthesis pathway, is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. With a view of developing a cheaper and more effective method for the bioconversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA, the potential and performance of a novel fibrous matrix prepared from Bombyx mori silk protein fibroin were evaluated for the immobilization of tyrosinase. Cross-linkage between fibroin and tyrosinase using glutaraldehyde was evident from Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy. Maximum product formation occurred when 1000 U enzyme was immobilized on 20 mg fibroin. The optimum conditions for maximal L-DOPA production using immobilized tyrosinase were 40 degrees C and pH 5.5, conditions that caused a 50% loss of free enzyme activity. Immobilized tyrosinase also showed to have a higher degree of stability during storage and it retained 80% of its original activity after repeated reuses. The efficiency of this immobilized tyrosinase system to produce L-DOPA was high, as evident from a high effectiveness factor, between 0.7 and 0.8, thereby making this method feasible for the large-scale production of L-DOPA.
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PMID:Performance evaluation of a silk protein-based matrix for the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA. 1803 33

The capability of a novel tyrosinase from Trichoderma reesei (TrTyr) to catalyse the oxidation and oxidative cross-linking of l-tyrosine (l-Y) and tyrosine side-chains in GYG and EGVYVHPV peptides, in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and beta-casein proteins as well as in proteinaceous wool fibres was studied by oxygen consumption measurement, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and fluorescence microscopy. TrTyr was compared to the well-characterised tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (AbTyr) in terms of oxidation and cross-linking. According to the results obtained TrTyr was capable of cross-linking peptides and proteins more efficiently than AbTyr. However, the size and three-dimensional structure of the proteinaceous substrates proved to be crucial for the success of the enzymatic catalysis. Random coil beta-casein could be cross-linked by TrTyr already in three hours, but large and compact BSA was not cross-linked even in 24h. TrTyr could also be used to incorporate a diphenolic compound, l-dihydroxyphenyl alanine (l-dopa), into protein fibres whereas incorporation of a monophenol, l-Y was less efficient. Thus TrTyr is a potential tool for protein cross-linking and/or modification.
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PMID:Oxidation of peptides and proteins by Trichoderma reesei and Agaricus bisporus tyrosinases. 1805 3

The physicochemical properties of squid skin collagens and biological activity of their enzymatic hydrolysates were determined to produce more value-added materials. The amino acid compositions of the inner and outer squid skin collagens were similar, but distinct from that of bovine tendon collagen in respect to the higher levels of aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, and serine, and of the lower levels of alanine, proline, and hydroxyproline. SDS-PAGE patterns suggested that squid skin collagen consisted of at least 2 different polypeptides (alpha1 and alpha2 chains) and their cross-linked chains. The molecular weights of alpha1 and alpha2 chains of bovine tendon collagens were higher than those of the corresponding alpha1 and alpha2 chains of squid skin collagens. The denaturation temperatures of inner and outer skin collagens were 27.1 and 27.3 degrees C, respectively, which were about 9 degrees C lower than that of bovine tendon collagen. Water holding capacities of inner and outer squid skin collagens were relatively similar, but were significantly greater than that of bovine tendon collagen. The maximum hydrolysis of squid skin collagens was obtained as follows: for outer skin collagen, enzyme concentration, 3.5%; hydrolysis time, 83 min; pH 7.0; hydrolysis temperature, 60 degrees C, whereas for inner skin collagen, enzyme concentration, 3.2%; hydrolysis time, 83 min; pH 7.0; hydrolysis temperature, 60 degrees C. The enzymatic hydrolysates of outer and inner skin collagens were separated by Sephacryl S-100 column, resulting in the production of 3 fractions (F1, F2, and F3). F3 fraction exhibited higher antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and antielastase activities than the other fractions.
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PMID:Molecular and physical characteristics of squid (Todarodes pacificus) skin collagens and biological properties of their enzymatic hydrolysates. 1846 Jan 18


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