Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.10.3.1 (tyrosinase)
 9,065 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Peptide epitopes derived from differentiation antigens of the melanocyte lineage were recently identified in human melanomas as targets for MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The characterization of multiple CTL-defined antigenic determinants has opened possibilities of development of antigen-targeted vaccines. In the present study, we determined CTL reactivity against melanoma-associated peptides derived from Melan A/MART-1, tyrosinase, and gp100/Pmel17 in 3 HLA-A2+ melanoma patients. Then, we assessed the immune responses to synthetic melanoma-associated peptides injected intradermally. After 3 cycles of immunization with peptide alone, we used systemic GM-CSF as an adjuvant during the fourth cycle of immunization. Enhanced DTH reactions and CD8+ CTL responses were observed after treatment with systemic GM-CSF. Immunohistochemical characterization of DTH-constituting elements revealed infiltrates of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and strong expression of IL-2 and gammaIFN, suggesting the activation of CD4+ ThI and CD8+ CTL by peptides presented by MHC-class-I molecules of dermal APC. Objective tumor regression was documented in all patients. We conclude that systemic GM-CSF enhances immune responses to melanoma-associated peptides and supports CTL-mediated tumor rejection in vivo.
 ...
PMID:Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor enhances immune responses to melanoma-associated peptides in vivo. 869 May 25

MHC-class-I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for tumor-associated antigens expressed by malignant cells are important components of the immune response against cancer. Recently, tumor-specific CTL could be generated in vitro, with responding lymphocytes from the blood of healthy blood donors. In the present study, we confirm that peptide-specific stimulation in vitro can induce high-affinity CTL capable of recognizing tumor cells expressing the appropriate tumor antigen. These tyrosinase-specific CTL display a restricted usage of TCRAV and TCRBV gene segments but of diverse CDR3 regions, resulting in a distinct fine-specificity for each CTL clone. This suggests that, similar to in vivo priming, peptide-pulsed APC are capable of stimulating a T-cell response in vitro expressing a limited TCR repertoire against autologous tumors. The generated CTL can recognize their target structure with high affinity, and this correlates in part with tumor-cell lysis. This methodology may be used to treat melanoma patients with infusion of ex vivo-induced and -expanded CTL.
 ...
PMID:Affinity, specificity and T-cell-receptor diversity of melanoma-specific CTL generated in vitro against a single tyrosinase epitope. 937 49

Glycosylation of mammalian proteins is known to influence their intracellular trafficking, half life, and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Rare instances of natural T cell epitopes dependent upon glycosylation for recognition have been described. We report here on human CD4(+) T lymphocyte cultures and clones from two melanoma patients that recognize the melanoma-associated Ag tyrosinase in the context of HLA-DR4 and -DR8. These T cells recognize tyrosinase, normally a heavily glycosylated molecule, when expressed constitutively in melanoma cells or in COS-7 transfectants pulsed as lysates onto autologous APC. However, these T cells fail to recognize tyrosinase expressed in bacteria, nor do they react with overlapping peptides covering full-length tyrosinase, suggesting a critical role for glycosylation in the processing and / or composition of the stimulatory epitopes. The requirement for glycosylation was demonstrated by the failure of tyrosinase-specific CD4(+) T cells to recognize tyrosinase synthesized in the presence of glycosylation inhibitors, or deglycosylated enzymatically. Site-directed mutagenesis of each of seven potential N-glycosylation sites showed that four sites were required to generate forms of tyrosinase that could be recognized by individual T cell clones. These data indicate that certain carbohydrate moieties are required for processing the tyrosinase peptides recognized by CD4(+) T cells. Post-translational modifications of human tumor-associated proteins such as tyrosinase could be a critical factor for the development of antitumor immune responses.
 ...
PMID:N-linked carbohydrates in tyrosinase are required for its recognition by human MHC class II-restricted CD4(+) T cells. 1153 67

The graft-versus-leukemia effect of allogeneic marrow transplantation suggests the dramatic effect of the allogeneic T cell to eradicate malignant disease. Preparation and adoptive transfusion of tumor-specific T cells from HLA-mismatched donors might be expected to circumvent CTL tolerance to the tumor. In this study, a soluble, divalent HLA-A2 molecule was constructed with the Fc part of human IgG1 and was pulsed with a peptide related to melanoma tyrosinase 368-376 [Tyr(368-376) (Tyr)] to form the Tyr/HLA-A2 dimer, which allowed loading onto monocytes via interaction of the Fc and FcR. The HLA-A2-negative (HLA-A2-ve) monocytes loaded with the Tyr/HLA-A2 dimer acted as allo-APC with copies of a single allogeneic epitope. After coculture of the HLA-A2-ve PBLs and autologous monocytes loaded with the dimer, CD8+ cells in the coculture show an obvious proliferation and increased frequency of Tyr/HLA-A2 tetramer-stained cells. The sorted Tyr/HLA-A2 tetramer-positive CD8+ cells display an elevated cytotoxic activity against HLA-A2-positive melanoma cells expressing tyrosinase endogenously (i.e., SK-Mel-5) but little against tyrosinase-negative melanoma cells (i.e., A375). The coculture of PBLs and autologous monocytes loaded with allogeneic peptide/HLA complexes offers a novel approach to expand allo-restricted, peptide-specific CTLs, which might be a potential arsenal for treatment of patients with malignant disease, if the tumor-related epitope were defined.
 ...
PMID:Allo-restricted CTLs generated by coculturing of PBLs and autologous monocytes loaded with allogeneic peptide/HLA/IgG1-Fc fusion protein. 1911 92

Enzymatic crosslinking of proteins is often limited by the steric availability of the target residues, as of tyrosyl side chains in the case of tyrosinase. Carrying an N-terminal peptide-tag containing two tyrosine residues, the fluorescent protein C-phycocyanin HisCPC from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was crosslinked to fluorescent high-molecular weight forms with tyrosinase. Crosslinking with tyrosinase in the presence of L-tyrosine produced non fluorescent high-molecular weight products. Incubated in the presence of tyrosinase, HisCPC could also be immobilized to amino-modified polystyrene beads thus conferring a blue fluorescence. Crosslinking and immobilization were site-specific as both processes required the presence of the N-terminal peptide in HisCPC.
...
PMID:Tyrosinase-catalyzed site-specific immobilization of engineered C-phycocyanin to surface. 2494 68