Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.1.1.49 (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)
7,794 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Excessive fat accumulation in the liver is a common metabolic disorder seen in humans and animals. Fatty liver was induced in the rat by feeding the animals with a sucrose rich diet containing 1% orotic acid for 2-3 weeks. In the sera from fatty liver rats there were significant changes in the level of alanine aminotransferase (+ 68.7%), malic dehydrogenase (+ 77.8%), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (- 53.4%) and total lipids (+ 26.6%). There were small to no changes in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase, malic enzyme, 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and albumin. In fatty liver, significant differences were seen in the levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (+ 235%), malic enzyme (+ 170%), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (+ 113%), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (+ 63%), aspartate aminotransferase (+ 35.6%), malic dehydrogenase (+ 38%), lactic dehydrogenase (+ 37%), and alanine aminotransferase (- 23%). Comparison of the non-fatty part with the fatty part of the fatty liver showed larger changes in the non-fatty part of the liver, suggesting that during the fattening process, there is an induction of enzymes in the liver reaching a peak prior to lipid accumulation, declining thereafter during liver fattening. The increase in NADPH-generating lipogenic enzymes suggests that accumulated fat in the liver is at least partially from de-novo increased synthesis in the liver.
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PMID:Biochemical changes in liver and blood during liver fattening in rats. 377 7

17 beta-Estradiol (E2) was dissolved in the drinking water of female C57BL/6J mice and presented ad libitum. The oral administration of E2 produced expected responses in E2-sensitive target tissues. Vaginal smear cytology changed from the thin leukocytic smears characteristic of ovariectomized controls to thicker smears containing only cornified epithelial cells. Uterine weight and the specific activities of uterine glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were elevated, while the postovariectomy elevation in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) was suppressed. However, oral E2 did not influence the specific activity of uterine acid phosphatase. During oral administration of E2 through the drinking water, serum estrone and E2 were elevated during the night and returned to low baseline levels during the day, in parallel with the circadian patterns of drinking. Similar transient elevations of serum E2 levels were observed after subcutaneous injections of E2. The oral administration of E2 has advantages over the widely utilized parenteral routes of E2 administration (i.e., injection or surgical implantation of E2-containing capsules), particularly for long-term experiments, and may be more analogous to the usual oral route of estrogen administration in women as contraceptives or as postmenopausal estrogen-replacement therapy.
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PMID:Effective oral administration of 17 beta-estradiol to female C57BL/6J mice through the drinking water. 382 26

Reaction of NADP with 3-propiolactone at pH 6 gave new NADP derivatives carboxyethylated at the 2'-phosphate or 6-amino group, or both: 2'-O-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphono-NAD (I), N6-(2-carboxyethyl)-NADP (II), and 2'-O-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphono-N6-(2-carboxyethyl)-NAD (III). Their structures were assigned on the basis of ultraviolet, 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR spectra, and also treatment with nucleotide pyrophosphatase or alkaline phosphatase. Carbodiimide-promoted reaction of derivative I with 1,2-diaminoethane gave 2'-O-[N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoylethyl]phosphono-NAD (IV); derivative III gave 2'-O-[N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoylethyl]phosphono-N6-[N-(2-aminoethyl ) carbamoylethyl]-NAD (IV). The same reaction of derivative II, on the other hand, gave a mixture of N6-[N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoylethyl]-NADP (Va) and its 3'-phosphate isomer (Vb). The mixture was converted to Va via the 2',3'-cyclic derivative (Vc). Their structures were assigned on the basis of ultraviolet and 1H-NMR spectra, and also treatment with alkaline phosphatase or 3'-nucleotidase. All the NADP derivatives obtained in this work could be reduced with yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Preparation and characterization of NADP derivatives alkylated at 2'-phosphate and 6-amino groups. 383 79

In porcine areolar placental epithelia, the following enzymes were demonstrated by histochemical methods after 30, 58, 80, 100, and 110 d of pregnancy, respectively: beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterases, cytochrome oxidase, 5-nucleotidase, leucine aminopeptidase, adenosine triphosphatase, diaphorases (NADH, NADPH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD-glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), lactate dehydrogenase. The results show that the enzyme activities remained almost unchanged during the period of investigation. Of the dehydrogenases, the diaphorases as well as succinate and lactate dehydrogenase demonstrated generally an intensive activity within the epithelia. The activity of the other dehydrogenases was only low. The activity of unspecific esterase was very intensive within the uterine epithelia but remarkably low within chorionic epithelia. Contrarily, the reaction of adenosine triphosphatase was more intensive within chorionic than uterine epithelia. All investigated glucosidases reacted distinctly positive within chorionic epithelia, but only beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase and beta-galactosidase in uterine epithelia. The high activity of acid phosphatase, especially within the chorionic epithelium, seems to be connected with uteroferrin, an iron-binding protein. The histochemical results are discussed in context with the function of the areolae in histiotrophic nutrition and iron transport.
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PMID:[Enzyme-histochemical studies of the pig placenta. II. Histotopics of enzymes in the areolar placenta epithelium]. 392 41

A 52 yr old Caucasian female (F. E.) had hemolytic anemia, a leukemoid reaction, and fatal sepsis due to Escherichia coli. Her leukocytes ingested bacteria normally but did not kill catalase positive Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens. An H(2)O(2)-producing bacterium, Streptococcus faecalis, was killed normally. Granule myeloperoxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and beta glucuronidase activities were normal, and these enzymes shifted normally to the phagocyte vacuole (light and electron microscopy). Intravacuolar reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium did not occur. Moreover, only minimal quantities of H(2)O(2) were generated, and the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) was not stimulated during phagocytosis. These observations suggested the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. However, in contrast to control and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was completely absent in F. E. leukocytes whereas NADH oxidase and NADPH oxidase activities were both normal. Unlike chronic granulomatous disease, methylene blue did not stimulate the hexose monophosphate shunt in F. E. cells. Thus, F. E. and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes appear to share certain metabolic and bactericidal defects, but the metabolic basis of the abnormality differs. Chronic granulomatous disease cells lack oxidase activity which produces H(2)O(2); F. E. cells had normal levels of oxidase activity but failed to produce NADPH due to complete glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. These data indicate that a complete absence of leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with defective hexose monophosphate shunt activity is associated with low H(2)O(2) production and inadequate bactericidal activity, and further suggest an important role for NADPH in the production of H(2)O(2) in human granulocytes.
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PMID:Complete deficiency of leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with defective bactericidal activity. 440 Dec 71

Seven strains of HeLa cells have been characterized by the number of chromosomes and the activity of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, and lactic dehydrogenase. All seven strains were found to differ as to chromosome numbers and enzyme levels despite the fact that two strains were called HeLa and three were called HeLa S3. Three strains were found to have a stemline in which greater than 60% of the cells demonstrated a single chromosome number, and this characteristic was stable for at least 6 months. A nomenclature for these clones has been suggested by the use of the stemline chromosome number as a subscript following HeLa. These three clones were, therefore, designated HeLa(65), HeLa(71), and HeLa(75). Karyotypes were made of the stemlines of these clones and were compared with enzyme levels. Alkaline phosphatase showed the greatest variation from cell line to cell line with a 200-fold difference in levels, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed variation in activity over a 12-fold range, lactic dehydrogenase over an 8-fold range, and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase over a 2-fold range. It is suggested that human cell strains can be used for biochemical studies if they are cloned and if the clones are relatively stable at least with respect to modal chromosome number and karyotype.
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PMID:Enzymatic and chromosomal characterization of HeLa variants. 576 76

1. Correlation between elution volume, V(e), and molecular weight was investigated for gel filtration of proteins of molecular weights ranging from 3500 (glucagon) to 820000 (alpha-crystallin) on Sephadex G-200 columns at pH7.5. 2. Allowing for uncertainties in the molecular weights, the results for most of the carbohydrate-free globular proteins fitted a smooth V(e)-log(mol.wt.) curve. In the lower part of the molecular-weight range the results were similar to those obtained with Sephadex G-75 and G-100 gels. 3. V(e)-log(mol.wt.) curves based on results with the three gels are taken to represent the behaviour of ;typical' globular proteins, and are proposed as standard data for the uniform interpretation of gel-filtration experiments. 4. Some glycoproteins, including gamma-globulins and fibrinogen, do not conform to the standard relationship. The effect of shape and carbohydrate content on the gel-filtration behaviour of proteins is discussed. 5. As predicted by the theoretical studies of other authors, correlation exists between the gel-filtration behaviour and diffusion coefficients of proteins. 6. The lower molecular-weight limit for complete exclusion of typical globular proteins from Sephadex G-200 varies with the swelling of the gel, but is usually >10(6). 7. The concentration-dependent dissociation of glutamate dehydrogenase was observed in experiments with Sephadex G-200, and the sub-unit molecular weight estimated as 250000. The free sub-units readily lose enzymic activity. 8. Recognition of the atypical gel-filtration behaviour of gamma-globulins necessitates an alteration to several molecular weights previously estimated with Sephadex G-100 (Andrews, 1964). New values are: yeast glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 128000; bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase, 130000; Aerobacter aerogenes glycerol dehydrogenase, 140000; milk alkaline phosphatase, 180000.
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PMID:The gel-filtration behaviour of proteins related to their molecular weights over a wide range. 586 1

The enzyme pattern of 13 cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and 11 cases of myxofibrosarcoma (MFS), a malignant myxomatous soft tissue tumor of fibroblastic histiocytic origin, has been studied. 6 of the 13 MFHs were analyzed enzyme histochemically at the light microscopic level and 7 on the ultrastructural level; of the 11 MFSs 9 were analyzed enzyme histochemically at the light microscopic level and 2 on the ultrastructural level. Differences were observed in the subjectively estimated enzyme activity between low grade MFS and high grade MFS and MFH, and also between histiocyte-like and fibroblast-like tumor cells. Generally a strong reaction of oxidoreductase enzymes (NADH2-diaphorase, NADPH2-diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase) was found in the high grade tumors and was usually higher in the histiocyte-like than in the fibroblast-like cells. Ultrastructurally acid phosphatase occurred predominantly in primary and secondary lysosomes and Golgi zones of the histiocyte-like cells. A strong reaction of alkaline phosphatase was found light microscopically in 2 of 5 MFHs and 5 of 9 MFSs. Ultrastructurally alkaline phosphatase was located along the cytoplasmic membrane of predominantly fibroblast-like cells in 3 of 7 MFHs and 1 of 2 MFSs. The results agree with the concept of two main cell types in MFH and MFS, fibroblasts and histiocytes.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemistry of malignant fibroblastic histiocytic tumors. A light and electron microscopic analysis. 608 56

The anticoagulant, dicumarol, inhibits the vitamin K cycle by blocking the conversion of the vitamin K epoxide. The effects of dicumarol on ossification have been tested by feeding it to rats in which a closed fracture of the metatarsals had been induced; the effects were studied up to 12 days postfracture. At 12 days, treatment with dicumarol caused a highly significant decrease in the amount of bone produced, without affecting the total size of the callus. Quantitative cytochemistry of unfixed, undemineralized sections showed that dicumarol also markedly affected the periosteal activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and of alkaline phosphatase in the first 2 mm from the fracture measured at 3 and 5 days postfracture when normally, new bone is first formed. In contrast, dicumarol had little effect on these activities in the fully formed callus.
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PMID:Effects on fracture healing of an antagonist of the vitamin K cycle. 620 27

The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the activity of highly purified or crystalline enzymes has been studied. The enzymes were: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH). isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P-DH), lipase, alkaline phosphatase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, always under the critical micellar concentration, shows a selective inhibitory effect. A kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action on LDH, MDH, ICDH and G6P-DH was also carried out.
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PMID:[Sodium dodecyl sulfate, concurrent inhibitor of several dehydrogenases]. 621 65


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