Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.1.1.41 (isocitrate dehydrogenase)
 3,101 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty snake venoms had a citrate content of 2.3 to 12.9%, dry basis, by an aconitase isocitric dehydrogenase coupled enzyme assay. This is a venom concentration range of approximately 30 to 150 mM citrate assuming 25% venom solids content. Inhibition of snake venom protease activity by the addition of exogenous citrate was obtained using azure blue hide powder and azocasein as substrates. Protease inhibitions of 7.5% for Crotalus atrox venom to 78% for Bothrops picadoi venom were observed with citrate. Complete inhibition of snake venom protease activity by citrate was not observed. Bothrops asper (Pacifico) venom showed a 41% protease inhibition by citrate with azocasein as the substrate and 46% inhibition of Bothrops asper (Alantico) venom protease with azure blue hide power as a substrate. Trypsin was not inhibited in this system. Citrate may inhibit some venom protease activity by forming a complex with the zinc of zinc-dependent enzymes. reserved.
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PMID:Citrate inhibition of snake venom proteases. 983 64

The complex interactions among host, pathogen and environment are believed to be the main causes for the mass mortality of cultured scallops. In the present study, the temporal variations of immune parameters and cellular energy allocation (CEA) of Chlamys farreri under ammonia-N, Vibrio anguillarum as well as their combined treatment were investigated to better understand the energetic mechanisms of scallop in immune defense. After 1 d exposure to ammonia-N, V. anguillarum and their combination, the superoxide anion level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the serum of scallops increased substantially. At 24 d post exposure, the mRNA expression levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70), HSP 90 and glutamine synthetase (GS), as well as the malondialdehyde content remarkably increased, while SOD activity was depressed significantly (P < 0.05). The glycogen reserved in the tissues from scallops exposed to the combined stress for 1 d, 12 d and 24 d were significantly lower than those in the control (P < 0.05). The CEA values in all the examined tissues including gonad, gill, hepatopancreas and adductor muscle were significantly lower than those of control (P < 0.05) when exposure to ammonia-N, V. anguillarum and their combined treatment for 12 and 24 d. Furthermore, the combined stress also had a significant impact upon CEA in all the examined tissues in scallops post 1 d exposure (P < 0.05). The above results demonstrated that SOD, IDH, HSPs and GS in hemolymph of treated scallops are necessary, but not sufficient to the complete protection against stress-induced cellular damage along with the treatment duration. Immune defense against the combination of pathogen invasion and environmental stress can impose greater costs on scallop's energy expenditure than a single stressor, and the combined treatment preferentially consumed more available glycogen in scallops for immune defense. Hence, in addition to be used in immunological evaluation, CEA is also a powerful tool to provide valuable insights into possible mechanisms of mass mortalities in cultured scallops.
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PMID:Alternation of immune parameters and cellular energy allocation of Chlamys farreri under ammonia-N exposure and Vibrio anguillarum challenge. 2232 39

Extraventricular neurocytomas (EVNs) are rare neuronal tumors included in the definition of neoplasms in the 2007 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system. Although a small case series of EVNs in adults has been previously reported, EVNs in pediatric populations are extremely rare. The current case report presents the clinicopathological features of an EVN in a 2-year-old female who presented with nausea and vomiting that had lasted for five days. In addition, an analysis of the imaging features, histology, treatment and prognosis of these reported rare lesions is presented. Immunohistochemically, EVNs are characterized by the robust expression of synaptophysin, but with a lack of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2, isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme isoform 1 (IDH1) R132/IDH2 R172 mutations and p53 immunoexpression. The treatment for EVNs in pediatric and adult populations is gross total resection, with post-operative radiation reserved for subtotal resection or recurrent disease. In addition, drop metastasis must be carefully avoided.
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PMID:Extraventricular neurocytoma in pediatric populations: A case report and review of the literature. 2417 31