Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.1.1.41 (isocitrate dehydrogenase)
 3,101 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was applied to the numerical taxonomy of Candida species based on isoenzyme profiles. Multidimensional scaling uses proximity measures to generate a spatial configuration of points in multidimensional space where distances between points reflect similarity among types. The biochemical profiles of 35 types of Candida species based on 26 tests consisting of isoenzymes of alpha-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase were analyzed. Cluster analysis of MDS, using the Euclidean distance as a proximity measure, separated C. tropicalis and C. paratropicalis from C. albicans and C. stellatoidea. Stepwise multiple linear regression revealed the isoenzyme tests which influenced each of the MDS dimensions. MDS was able to reduce the dimensionality of the test profile.
 ...
PMID:Application of multidimensional scaling in numerical taxonomy: analysis of isoenzyme types of Candida species. 202 78

Microwave-stimulated enzyme incubations for acetylcholinesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase were studied, and compared with incubations in a waterbath. Temperature settings of 37 degrees C and 50 degrees C were used, and the incubation times were varied from 30 seconds to 30 minutes. The desired temperature of the incubation solution was reached in the microwave oven within 1 minute, whilst in the waterbath it took 10 to 25 minutes. The microscopic results for alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase at a temperature setting of 50 degrees C were superior in the microwave method for incubation times less than 15 minutes. It is postulated that the increased reaction product of alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase is due to a temperature effect, which has to be large enough to be of practical value. For the other enzymes studied, microwave-stimulated incubations were no better than the conventional incubations at corresponding temperatures. For 5'-nucleotidase there were aspecific lead deposits in the microwave method. All enzymes performed at the elevated, unphysiological temperature of 50 degrees C proved to have advantages, except for 5'-nucleotidase, whilst for malate dehydrogenase there was an aspecific reduction of the colour developer at this temperature.
 ...
PMID:Microwave-stimulated brain enzyme incubations are possible at the unphysiological condition of 50 degrees C. 224 28

Elevated levels of serum enzymes are frequently associated not only with alcohol-related organ damage but also with excessive alcohol consumption and alcoholism without significant tissue injury. However, both in the early detection of alcoholism as well as also in the diagnosis of alcohol-related diseases the sensitivities and specificities of these enzyme markers vary considerably. They may be influenced by nonalcohol-related diseases, enzyme-inducing drugs, nutritional factors, metabolic disorders, age, smoking, etc. Consequently, we have neither a single laboratory test--enzyme marker--nor a test combination that is reliable enough for the exact diagnosis between alcohol- and nonalcohol-related organ damage. In most cases it is possible to determine the tissue from which the elevated enzyme is derived, but only occasionally enzyme changes reflect the quantity of the tissue injury. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is the most widely used laboratory marker of alcoholism and heavy drinking, detecting 34-85% of problem drinkers and alcoholics. However, the unspecificity of increased serum GGT limits its use for general screening purposes. Its value in the follow-up of various treatment programs, however, is well established. An elevated level of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) in an alcoholic or a heavy consumer indicates alcohol-induced organ damage. The use of test combinations significantly improves the information received with single serum enzyme determinations. An ASAT/ALAT ratio greater than 1.5 can be considered as highly suggestive for the alcoholic etiology of the liver injury. Still better discrimination between alcoholic and nonalcoholic origin of the liver disease may be achieved by the determination of the ratio of GGT to alkaline phosphatase. If this ratio exceeds 1.4 the specificity of the finding in favor for alcoholic liver injury is 78%. The determination of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of ASAT also improves the diagnostic value of ASAT determination. The ratio of mitochondrial isoenzyme to total over 4 is highly suggestive for alcohol-related liver injury. In general, however, the determination of serum activities of other enzymes such as ornithine carbamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, guanase, aldolase, alkaline phosphatase or glutathione S-transferase do not significantly improve the diagnostic information obtained with more conventional laboratory markers of liver injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Use of enzymes for the diagnosis of alcohol-related organ damage. 243 6

This study was prompted by the paradox of strong presence of mitochondria in an anaerobic protozoan, recently reclassified from the yeasts. Stemming from publication in 1911 to 1912, Blastocystis hominis has been generally accepted as a harmless intestinal yeast of humans, with short standardized textbook (parasitology) descriptions, even to the present day. Reports since 1967 have changed the classification of B. hominis from yeast to protozoan (Sarcodina), and this has been followed by interest in B. hominis-caused disease, resulting in documentation of disease in humans and other primates. In this study of B. hominis, the basic ultrastructure of the mitochondria was shown by thin-section electron microscopy to be identical to that of an archetypical mitochondrion. There were hundreds of them in large B. hominis cells (100 to 200 microns in diameter). Mitochondria were confined to a peripheral ring of cytoplasm bounded by the outer cell membrane (there is no cell wall) and the membrane of the large, spherical, organelle-free central body that constitutes 75% of the cell's volume. Mitochondria tended to surround the cell's usual two to four nuclei. Rhodamine 123 stained the mitochondria selectively, visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The cell was devoid of cytochromes. Addition of 0.1% cytochrome c to the growth medium increased utilization of glucose by 34% and that of lactate by 17%. Furthermore, it markedly increased the number of mitochondrion-filled cells. At higher concentrations, cytochrome c inhibited the growth of the cells. Despite the presence of large numbers of mitochondria, activities of the mitochondrial enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase were absent. Thus, the function of the mitochondria in B. hominis remains unknown. Considerable activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were found. Aldolase activity was prominent. Pyruvate decarboxylase was present. Diaphorase and lactate dehydrogenase were detectable but in suspect quantities. Other missing enzymes were gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase (a lysosomal marker), and creatine kinase isoenzymes.
 ...
PMID:Biochemical and ultrastructural study of Blastocystis hominis. 283 9

With an aim to investigate the relative sensitivity of various renal structures to allograft rejection, we analyzed the histochemical reaction intensity of seven enzymes prominently displayed in various rat kidney components, and correlated the expression of these enzymes both to the degree of intra-graft inflammation and to the expression of class II MHC antigens in graft capillary endothelial cells. Syngeneic transplants and normal renal tissue were used as controls. At the peak of inflammation, on the fifth day after transplantation, adenosine triphosphatase activity of vascular endothelial cells was strongly reduced in the peritubular capillary endothelium of the allograft, moderately in the glomerular endothelium but very little in the endothelium of arteries and veins. Lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were moderately reduced in the proximal tubular cells of the allograft and even less in the distal tubular cells. The results suggest that the prime target of the host immune attack is the intertubular capillary endothelium, whereas the distal tubular cells are relatively insensitive to immune injury.
 ...
PMID:Renal target structures in acute allograft rejection: a histochemical study. 303 33

The present study was conducted on bone tissue responses to irradiation towards a treatment model of mandibular irradiation injury by comparing the results of experimental observations of irradiation effects on rabbit hind legs and rat mandibular bones (paper I, II and III) with clinical observations of irradiation effects on the human mandible (paper IV, V and VI). The main results of the study were as follows: Bone marrow haemorrhage, eosinophilia and incipient edema were encountered in the rabbit leg one day after a single irradiation dose. Edema and fibrosis were the salient features after five weeks, while both regenerative and fibrotic changes predominated eleven weeks after irradiation. The changes were the more extensive the greater the irradiation dose was. Empty lacunae as a sign of cell damage in cortical bone already appeared on the first day after irradiation; this effect reached its maximum when the dose was 20 Gy or more. Bone marrow and subcutaneous tissue pO2 and pCO2 were measured by means of implanted Silastic tonometers in irradiated and nonirradiated rabbit hind legs. Single dose irradiation was followed by a rapid, dose dependent decrease of marrow pO2. The corresponding effect on pCO2 was weaker and appeared later. The response to hyperoxia in the bone marrow became weaker when the irradiation dose increased. Less significant was the response of CO2 tension to hyperoxia. O2 and CO2 tensions were recovered after single dose irradiation both in subcutaneous tissue and in bone marrow, but the reduction was less in bone marrow. During the twelve weeks observation period clearly better recovery in tissue gas tensions was observed in subcutaneous tissue than in bone marrow. Nonirradiated periosteal grafts on irradiated bone cavities in the rabbit tibia induced more rapid and intense mature bone formation than irradiated periosteal grafts. The irradiated periosteum, even after a single dose of 20 Gy, had some osteogenetic capacity. The alkaline phosphatase content was lowered eight weeks after surgery in irradiated legs but clearly exceeded control values twelve weeks after surgery indicating new bone formation. Lysosomal enzyme DAP II contents were increased in all irradiated specimens as a sign of disturbed bone formation. The tissue concentrations of acid phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in the immediate postirradiation period showed a greater increase in activity in the cut lines of the irradiated rat mandibles than in those of the nonirradiated mandibles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Bone tissue response to irradiation and treatment model of mandibular irradiation injury. An experimental and clinical study. 309 Aug 54

Within the uterine glands, the following enzymes were demonstrated by histochemical methods after 30, 58, 80, 100, and 110 d of pregnancy, respectively: beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, esterases, cytochrome oxidase, 5-nucleotidase, leucine aminopeptidase, adenosine triphosphatase, diaphorases (NADH, NADPH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD-glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), lactate dehydrogenase. The results show that the activities of G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, and cytochrome oxidase increase within secreting cells during the 2nd half of pregnancy. The activities of the other enzymes remained almost unchanged during the period of investigation. The description of our results distinguishes between gland neck, middle, and distal part of the secretory unit, respectively. In general, the enzyme activities are similar within the middle and distal gland segments, but lower in the epithelia of the neck region. The activity of dehydrogenases was medium to intensive within the middle and distal gland segments, but only low to medium within the neck portion. Of the hydrolases, the acid phosphatase, ATPase, leucine aminopeptidase, and beta-galactosidase demonstrated an intensive activity within activity secreting cells. The enzyme activities of the gland epithelia are compared with these of the uterine surface epithelia and the histochemical results are discussed in context with their significance in histiotrophic nutrition.
 ...
PMID:[Enzyme histochemistry of the pig placenta. III. Histotopics of enzymes in the uterine epithelium]. 309 49

This communication presents the results obtained in tubular aggregates of 24 enzyme histochemical techniques for demonstrating activity of oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases and isomerases. The activity characteristics of the tubular aggregates in m. gluteus medius of 18 patients with diseases of the neuromuscular system were almost identical. A high activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, NADPH: tetrazolium oxidoreductase, NADH:tetrazolium oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase, could be shown in the pathological structures, whereas the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, glycerol-3-phosphate:menadione oxidoreductase, succinate:PMS oxidoreductase, malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase and isocitrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, and the partial mitochondrial enzymes, malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase and isocitrate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, was very slight or even absent. There was a moderate to strong activity of the glycolytic enzymes lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose phosphate isomerase. In contrast, the activity of alpha-glucan phosphorylase was slight. The activity of phosphogluconate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase and 5'-nucleotidase was slight, whereas there was no activity of myosin ATPase and mitochondrial ATPase, acid phosphatase or alkaline phosphatase. The high activity of AMP-deaminase was very striking. The activity of peroxidase was moderate. Results obtained with adsorption studies point to adsorption of some of the enzymes studied to the tubular aggregates in vivo and this phenomenon very probably determined the histochemical characteristics of these structures.
 ...
PMID:Histochemical features of tubular aggregates in diseased human skeletal muscle fibres. 317 98

The frequency of hybrid formation between two Trypanosoma brucei clones during cyclical transmission through Glossina morsitans centralis was analyzed. In two independent experiments, teneral G. m. centralis were infected with an equal mixture of two T. brucei clones showing different homozygous isoenzyme patterns for isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD; E.C.1.1.1.42) and alkaline phosphatase (AP; E.C. 3.1.3.1). Trypanosomes were cyclically transmitted to mice from 23 infective flies and the subsequent bloodstream-form populations were characterized by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Heterozygous patterns for ICD and AP indicated that hybrid formation occurred in at least 9 of the 23 vectors. There was further evidence that extrusion of hybrid parasites with saliva from a single fly was not necessarily continuous but could alter over time with the occurrence of either or both of the homozygous parental clones.
 ...
PMID:The timing and frequency of hybrid formation in African trypanosomes during cyclical transmission. 323 78

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism were studied in midgut gland, muscle, and gill tissues of marine prawn Penaeus indicus exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.3 ppm) of phosphamidon. A significant decrease in glycogen and pyruvate and an increase in lactate content were observed in all phosphamidon-exposed prawn tissues after 96 hr. An increase in phosphorylase a and aldolase activity levels suggested the increased formation of triose sugars during phosphamidon toxicity. LDH activity was considerably decreased and an increment in lactate content was observed which indicates reduced mobilization of pyruvate into the citric acid cycle. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was considerably increased, suggesting the enhanced oxidation of glucose in the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. Krebs cycle enzymes such as NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase were found to be decreased, suggesting the impairment in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism due to the acute toxic impact of phosphamidon. Cytochrome-c oxidase and Mg2+ ATPase activity levels were also decreased considerably, suggesting impaired energy synthesis and breakdown during phosphamidon toxicity, as a result of reduced oxidation of glucose aerobically. The increase in acid and alkaline phosphatase activities indicates the enhanced breakdown of phosphate to release energy in view of inhibiton or impairment in the ATPase system during phosphamidon-induced stress. These results suggest that phosphamidon has a profound effect on the oxidative metabolism of prawn which results in the triggering of compensatory metabolic pathways for survivability.
 ...
PMID:Modulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the selected tissues of marine prawn, Penaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards), under phosphamidon-induced stress. 337 38


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>