Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of fibric acid derivatives, clofibric acid (CFB), bezafibrate (BFB), and gemfibrozil (GFB) on hepatic cytosolic enzymatic activities involved in saturated fatty acid synthesis has been estudied in vitro. From all the activities tested (fatty acid synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, malic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), only acetyl-CoA carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly inhibited by fibrates, with the following order of potency: GFB > BFB > > CFB. The characteristics of the inhibition phenomena (IC50, kinetic analysis, time and protein dependence, etc) and their transcendence to the effects of fibric acid derivatives in vivo are discussed.
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PMID:Cytosolic lipogenic enzymes: effect of fibric acid derivatives in vitro. 835 62

Seven enzyme activities were measured in Drosophila melanogaster lines in which spontaneous mutations had accumulated over about 300 generations under the minimum pressure of natural selection. These enzymes included alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (alpha GPDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and alpha-amylase (AMY). A significant genetic variance was observed for some enzyme activities. The mutations which alter the enzyme activities are called modifier mutations. The magnitudes of the genetic variance in modifier mutations differed greatly among enzymes but were often similar between two series of mutation accumulation lines (AW and JH). This may therefore indicate that the number of modifiers is specific for each enzyme system. The modifier mutation rate is suggested to be one of the clues for assessing the maintenance mechanism of protein polymorphism in natural populations.
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PMID:A quantitative analysis of modifier mutations which occur in mutation accumulation lines in Drosophila melanogaster. 857 29

We selected the common shrew (Sorex araneus) to generate the first insectivore gene map. Shrew-Chinese hamster and shrew- mouse somatic cell hybrid cells were constructed. When the 119 shrew-rodent clones were characterized, only shrew chromosomes were found to have segregated. A panel of hybrid clones was selected for gene assignment. The genes for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) were assigned to shrew Chromosome (Chr) de [which is the product of a tandem fusion between the 'original' mammalian X Chromosome (Chr) and an autosome], the gene for adenosine deaminase (ADA) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase se (PGD) to Chromosome jl, the gene for thymidine kinase (TK) to Chromosome hn, and the gene for lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) to chromosome ik. Further studies in progress.
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PMID:Gene mapping in the common shrew (Sorex araneus; Insectivora) by shrew-rodent cell hybrids: chromosome localization of the loci for HPRT, TK, LDHA, MDH1, G6PD, PGD, and ADA. 859 34

A total of 1128 rodents belonging to seven genera were examined for leishmanial parasites over a period of sixteen months. Parasites were isolated from 36 (12.5%) Tatera robusta, 3 (0.5%) Arvicanthis niloticus, and 2 (0.8%) Mastomys natalensis. All isolates were characterised by isoenzyme analysis using nine enzymes. The enzymes examined were: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), nucleoside hydrolase (NH), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI), malic enzyme (ME) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD). The enzyme profiles from these isolates were compared with those from Leishmania reference strains and also with isolates of Leishmania major from man and sandfly, P. duboscqci from the same area. All the isolates except one from a Mastomys were identified as L. major. The isolate from Mastomys was trypanosome-like and remains unidentified. The results in this study show that Tatera robusta is the main reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Baringo District. None of the animals trapped were found infected with Leishmania donovani suggesting that rodents do not play a role in the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in this area.
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PMID:Animal reservoirs of leishmaniasis in Marigat, Baringo District, Kenya. 862 62

Histochemistry studies of key dehydrogenases in the glycolytic pathway and related enzymes and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle enzymes were carried out on adult female Onchocerca fasciata. The distribution pattern and enzymatic activities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-GPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD+(P)]-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), and NAD+(P)-linked malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in various tissues of the worm were determined. Moderate to intense enzyme activities were localized in three main areas, namely, the hypodermis, body-wall muscle, and reproductive tissues. Activity of the formazan reaction product was very low, if at all present, in the intestinal epithelium and was completely absent in the cuticle. On the basis of the present results and earlier observations, it is suggested that glycolysis leading to the end product lactate is the main energy-generating pathway in O. fasciata. The presence of significant activity of 6-GPDH indicates that the pentose-phosphate pathway might be operative in O. fasciata. In light of the activity of some of the TCA-cycle enzymes, ICDH and MDH, demonstrable in O. fasciata, it is possible that an additional pathway (pyruvate-succinate) of glucose metabolism via a reverse sequence of the TCA cycle may also be operative in the worm. The possible functional significance of the enzymes detected is discussed with respect to their location.
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PMID:Onchocerca fasciata: enzyme histochemistry and tissue distribution of various dehydrogenases in the adult female worm. 882 42

Pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. To investigate the genetic diversity of P. carinii populations, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to analyze five enzyme systems (malate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, malic enzyme, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). Only five different multilocus associations (zymodemes) were recorded for the 70 isolates studied. While only one multilocus combination was found in mice and rabbits, three different multilocus associations were recorded in rats. Population genetic tests and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggest that P. carinii genotypes are host-specific, in agreement with molecular study results, and that no genetic exchange occurs between genotypes from different host species. This hypothesis could be verified only by the evolutionary genetic approach, which relies here on multilocus analysis.
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PMID:Isoenzyme diversity in Pneumocystis carinii from rats, mice, and rabbits. 904 38

Channel catfish were collected on 11 different dates from October 1991 to July 1993 and acclimated in the laboratory to 7 degrees C, 15 degrees C, or 25 degrees C for 6 wk. Hepatosomatic index, mg protein mg-1 DNA, total liver DNA and protein, and the activities of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase were measured to examine seasonal variation in the acclimation response. Liver and muscle cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were measured to compare tissue-specific responses. Hepatosomatic indexes of fall and winter channel catfish were highest at 7 degrees C, with values at 15 degrees C higher than at 25 degrees C, while spring and summer fish had the highest values at 15 degrees C, with values at 7 degrees C higher than those at 25 degrees C. Acclimation patterns for total liver protein and DNA, mg protein mg-1 DNA, and glycogen were generally higher in cold temperatures but varied seasonally in an unpredictable manner. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase demonstrated positive acclimation in the fall and winter; fish collected in the spring and summer showed little or inverse acclimation. Liver lactate dehydrogenase activity showed little or no positive compensation at any time of the year. Cytochrome oxidase activity showed positive acclimation in muscle but not liver. All liver enzymes, even those that showed marginal acclimation on a protein basis, showed positive acclimation when activity was expressed on a whole-liver basis.
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PMID:Seasonal variations in the temperature acclimation response of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. 923 74

Extraction and isoenzyme analysis of four isolates of Arthrobotrys including A. musiformis, A. robusta and A. conoides were conducted. Among the 14 enzymes studied by starch gel electrophoresis, using morpholine-citrate as gel/electrode buffer, the following nine enzymes showed interpretable banding patterns: alpha-esterase, fumarase, hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucoisomerase. All isolates studied displayed typical isoenzyme phenotypes for each species. Two isolates of A. conoides differed in their alpha-isoesterase banding patterns, but no differences were observed for the other enzymes. The assay was satisfactory for enzyme extraction and resolution of Arthrobotrys and could be used in future taxonomic and genetic studies of this organism.
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PMID:Isoenzyme analysis of Arthrobotrys, a nematode-trapping fungus. 949 29

Oval cells are liver epithelial cells that proliferate during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by a variety of chemicals. The oval cell lines OC/CDE 6 and OC/CDE 22 have been established in our laboratory at two time points (6 and 22 weeks) of the carcinogenic process and have been malignantly transformed by different procedures. During the transformation process, the glycolytic and glutaminolytic flux rates were consistently up-regulated and this process was accompanied by an overproportional increase in the activities of cytosolic hexokinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. In transformed oval cells, a strong correlation between the glycolytic flux rate and glutamine consumption as well as glutamate production was observed. Furthermore, the transport of glycolytic hydrogen, produced by the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction, from the cytosol into the mitochondria by means of the malate-aspartate shuttle was enhanced, this being due to alterations in the activities of malate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. The up-regulation of the glycolytic hydrogen transport and the alterations in the glycolytic enzyme complex led to an enhanced pyruvate production at high glycolytic flux rates. Taken together, our data are further proof that a special metabolic feature (increased glycolysis and glutaminolysis) is characteristic for tumor cells and that the mechanisms by which this metabolic state is induced can be totally different.
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PMID:Alterations in the glycolytic and glutaminolytic pathways after malignant transformation of rat liver oval cells. 1045 61

Cold stress resulted in a decrease in the poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) content of non-cold-acclimated Rhizobium DDSS69 cultures. Analysis of the specific activity of beta-ketothiolase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase revealed that decrease in PHB levels was a result of the inhibition of synthesis of PHB rather than an increase in its breakdown. Rhizobium ATR1, a cold-acclimated strain, revealed the presence of a stable PHB metabolism that did not show any significant differences either in PHB levels or in the activity of enzymes of the PHB metabolism under cold stress, suggesting that PHB is not involved in cold tolerance. Analysis of specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase of the pentose phosphate pathway showed the upward regulation of alternate pathways of carbohydrate metabolism under cold stress to rapidly generate energy to overcome the stress. There is diversity in the switching mechanisms of carbon metabolism among cold-acclimated and non-cold-acclimated Rhizobium isolates. Upward regulation of malate dehydrogenase in both isolates suggests that it is a critical input for cold tolerance.
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PMID:Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism is affected by changes in respiratory enzymatic activities due to cold stress in two psychrotrophic strains of Rhizobium. 1111 98


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