Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of enzymes with a regulatory function in the pathways of glycolysis, glyconeogenesis and NADP-generation, and the tissue content of DNA, protein, glycogen, triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), cholesterol and dry matter were investigated in placentas from deliveries accompanied by fetal distress as a result of umbilical cord compression or placental dysfunction in toxemic pregnancies. In placentas from cases of fetal distress due to umbilical cord compression, there was increased activity of pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and decreased activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase was unchanged, and that of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was slightly elevated. The tissue content of dry matter, DNA, TG and PL was increased, whereas the protein, cholesterol and glycogen concentrations remained unaltered. In placentas from deliveries accompanied by fetal distress due to placental dysfunction, pyruvate kinase, when calculated per mg protein, was the only enzyme with decreased activity. TG, PL, glycogen and dry matter content were increased, DNA concentration was decreased, and protein and cholesterol remained unchanged. It is suggested that the divergent placental metabolic patterns found in the two fetal distress groups are related to the different levels of disturbed oxygen passage along the uterus-placenta-fetus axis.
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PMID:The placenta in intrauterine fetal deprivation. II. Biochemical profile of placentas from deliveries associated with fetal distress. 735 17

In this study, isozyme patterns for 14 different enzymes were compared for culture strains of Leishmania braziliensis, L. hertigi, L. mexicana, L. donovani, L. tropica, and L. adleri. The isozyme separation was made by means of cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Each of the species had distinct isozyme patterns for aspartate aminotransferase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and fructokinase. For other enzymes, two or more species had identically migrating bands; however, by using combinations of the other 10 enzymes it was possible to separate any one of the six species. In addition to these interspecific differences the Panama strains of L. braziliensis had two different malic dehydrogenase isozyme patterns; therefore, they fell into two distinct groups. These strains otherwise had identical isozyme patterns.
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PMID:Characterization of Leishmania spp. by isozyme electrophoresis. 736 38

Enzyme activities of the energy supplying metabolism were investigated in muscle specimens of brachial biceps, deltoid or anterior tibial muscles of patients with traumatic nerve lesions, polyneuropathies, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and hemiparesis. The key enzymes of glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase), glycolysis (triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase), alpha-glycerophosphate cycle (alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase), beta-oxidation of fatty acids (beta-hydroxy-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase), citrate acid cycle (citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase), hexokinase reaction (hexokinase) and pentosephosphate shunt (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were measured. The present study shows that in case of disorders of the lower motor neuron--especially those with impaired axoplasmic transport--changes in the enzyme patterns of muscles occur at an early stage. The glycolytic enzyme activities are of particular significance because they are the most sensitive indicators of the onset, extent and course of neurogenic atrophy. There is a good correlation between severity of the lesion, functional state of the muscles and reduction of these enzyme activities. In case of traumatic nerve lesions re-innervation can prevent a permanent reduction of glycolytic enzymes only if it occurs during the first months after denervation. In all cases in which operative revision is considered, it is therefore not advisible to wait since the regenerative capacity of the motor neuron is not the only limiting factor but also the biochemical and morphological changes in the muscle fibre. These are permanent after long lasting denervation without re-innervation within the first months. Primary neuroaxonal degeneration of the nerve fibre which was found in the majority of our alcoholic patients obviously impairs the metabolism of the muscle to a greater extent than primary demyelination most frequently observed in diabetics with polyneuropathy. Corresponding to the chronic course of the illness over years and to the severity of the pareses, drastic reduction in the activities of glycolytic enzymes was found in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Simultaneously the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was significantly increased as a result of the chronic neurogenic lesion of the muscle fibres. Follow-up during the treatment of diseases of the lower motor neuron can be performed because the enzyme activities can be measured even in small muscle specimens. In patients with hemiparesis slight but not significant reduction in the glycolytic enzyme activities was found by comparison with a normal control group. We assume that this reduction is due to general inactivity which is caused by the movement disorder rather than to the particular influence of the upper motor neuron.
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PMID:[Biochemical studies on muscles in neurogenic atrophies and central paralysis. Studies of the trophic functions of neurons]. 742 10

In this communication, the results of applying various histochemical techniques for the localization of oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases and isomerases in the human heart are presented. The Purkinje fibres of the atrioventricular conducting system of the human heart differ from the myocardium proper in containing a slightly higher activity of most of the glycolytic and gluconeogenetic enzymes investigated. The relatively higher activity of 6-phosphofructokinase, the key enzyme in anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism, is especially noteworthy. On the other hand, the activities of some of the enzymes that play a part in the aerobic energy metabolism is slightly less than those in the myocardium fibres. As for the activity of the NADPH regenerating enzymes, the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) is somewhat higher, and the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase similar, in the Purkinje fibres compared to that in the myocardial fibres. The activity of myosin ATPase is similar for both types of fibre. Likewise, the fibres of the conducting system and of the myocardium show a similar activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, non-specific naphthylesterase and peroxidase. The neurogenic function of the conducting system of the human heart was demonstrated by the high activity of acetylcholinesterase in the Purkinje fibres and in the atrioventricular node. All these histochemical findings in Purkinje fibres are similar at widely differing levels of the conducting system.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical studies on the conducting system of the human heart. 744 Feb 54

To determine the potential site(s) of fatty acid synthesis and source(s) of reducing equivalents, the activities of the cytoplasmic NADPH producing enzymes--isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and of aconitase, ATP-citrate lyase (CCE) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were measured in homogenates of liver, intestine, visceral fat, red muscle and white muscle of eels (Anguilla rostrata) fed beef liver or worms, or fasted for 2 to 6 months. There were no differences in enzyme activities between eels fed beef liver or fasted for 2 months. Eels fed worms had significantly greater G6PDH activity than fasted eels. Liver size and hepatosomatic index decreased in fasted eels, but lipid content per gram of liver or muscle increased. Based on the total activities of the NADPH producing enzymes, the liver appeared to be the primary organ for lipogenesis, although the intestine contained active lipogenic enzymes as well. In the liver, IDH had the lowest Km (NADP) and highest activity of the NADP-dehydrogenases. In the liver cytoplasm, the low activities of CCE and ME and the presence of an active aconitase, with a 20-fold greater affinity than CCE for citrate, suggest tha citrate cleavage is unimportant and that IDH is a major source of reducing equivalents. The source of carbon for fatty acid synthesis is discussed in relation to these conclusions.
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PMID:Influence of fasting and diet on lipogenic enzymes in the american eel, Anguilla rostrata LeSueur. 746 73

Extracting proteins from vegetative tissues while maintaining good enzyme activity and electrophoretic resolution presents numerous problems due to the presence of phenols, quinones, proteases and other components released during cell disruption. To overcome this problem in Citrus leaves, an extraction buffer was developed which contained EDTA, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, PVP-40, 2-mercaptoethanol and bovine serum albumin in a Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5. This extraction buffer was used in association with liquid nitrogen for sample preparation. Buffers used in previous studies for Citrus isozyme extraction for PAGE were found to provide unsatisfactory resolution and activity for the three enzyme systems investigated (malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase). This extraction buffer maintains high enzyme activity and provides good resolution in PAGE gels suitable for densitometric analysis.
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PMID:Preparation of extracts for electrophoresis from citrus leaves. 769 6

Electrophoretic conditions including electrode and gel buffers, acrylamide concentration, use of stacking gels, voltage, current, and run time were investigated in order to produce isozyme bands of high resolution which would facilitate densitometric quantification of enzyme activity following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Electrode buffers which provided optimal conditions for gels stained for the isozymes of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SkDH) were 0.02 M Tris-glycine, pH 8.5, 0.1 M sodium borate, pH 6.0, 0.1 M sodium borate, pH 8.7, and 0.07 M sodium borate, pH 7.0, respectively. A 0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, gel buffer was optimal for gels stained for the isozymes of 6-PGD, PGI and SkDH. A 0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, gel buffer was best for gels stained for MDH. Stacking gels were found to be detrimental to enzyme activity and showed no improvement in resolution for any of the enzymes. Acrylamide concentration for gels stained for MDH were 8.7%, gels stained for 6-PGD and PGI were 7.5%, while gels stained for SkDH had an acrylamide concentration of 5.0%. Higher concentrations above these levels caused a reduction and in some cases loss of band activity, while below this concentration there was a decrease in band resolution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Electrophoretic conditions for high resolution citrus isozymes in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 773 89

Leishmania parasites isolated from two patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis from geographically different localities in Paraguay have been characterized by enzyme electrophoresis (zymodeme) and digestion profiles of kinetoplast DNA with restriction enzymes (schizodeme). Both Paraguayan isolates showed identical zymodeme profiles to each other using 14 enzymes (glutamic pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, enolase, fumarate hydratase, glucose phosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, mannose phosphate isomerase, nucleoside phosphorylase, peptidase-D, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and pyruvate kinase). Although two Paraguayan isolates showed different zymodeme profiles from those of six Leishmania reference strains of Old and New World Leishmania species, they showed identical zymodeme profiles to those of an L. major-like parasite from Ecuador. These observations were confirmed by schizodeme analysis using three restriction endonucleases (Msp I, Hae III, and Taq I). These results indicate that Leishmania parasites isolated in Paraguay are identified as an L. major-like parasite, and it is necessary to consider the existence of L. major-like parasites when classifying Leishmania isolates from the New World.
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PMID:Leishmania major-like parasite, a pathogenic agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Paraguay. 781 Aug 7

Isozymes of 23 cultures of the anaerobic rumen fungi and seven cultures of aerobic chytridiomycete fungi were analysed by PAGE. A total of 14 isozyme loci were successfully typed by PAGE. They were peptidase A & C-1, peptidase A & C-2, peptidase D-1, peptidase D-2, malate dehydrogenase-1, malate dehydrogenase-2, esterase-1, esterase-2, malic enzyme-1, malic enzyme-2, isocitrate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Isozyme analysis can be used for studying the genetic relationships among the different anaerobic rumen fungi and the aerobic chytridiomycete fungi and the isozyme characteristics can serve as additional taxonomic criteria in the classification of the anaerobic rumen fungi. A dendrogram based on the isozyme data demonstrated that the anaerobic rumen fungi formed a cluster, indicating a monophyletic group, distinctly separated from the aerobic chytridiomycete fungi. Piromyces communis and P. minutus showed a close relationship but P. spiralis showed a more distant relationship to both P. communis and P. minutus. Piromyces as a whole was more related to Caecomyces than to Neocallimastix. Orpinomyces was also found to be more related to Piromyces and Caecomyces than to Neocallimastix. Orpinomyces intercalaris C 70 from cattle showed large genetic variation from O. joyonii, indicating that it is a different species.
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PMID:Isozyme analysis of anaerobic rumen fungi and their relationship to aerobic chytrids. 808 8

The effect of clofibrate (Atromid S, ethyl-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionate) administration for 7 days to rats on lipogenesis and on some lipogenic enzyme activities in brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) was examined. As compared to control rats the rate of lipogenesis in BAT in the clofibrate-treated animals was significantly decreased. The rate of liver lipogenesis increased slightly, whereas lipogenesis in the WAT was not affected by clofibrate. In BAT, the drug treatment resulted in depression of fatty acid synthase, ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities. The activity of liver fatty acid synthase did not change, ATP-citrate lyase activity slightly decreased, whereas the activity of malic enzyme significantly increased in this organ after clofibrate feeding. The ATP-citrate lyase activity in WAT decreased, while fatty acid synthase and other lipogenic enzymes were not changed after clofibrate feeding. Clofibrate treatment did not influence the activity of NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (enzymes not linked directly to lipogenesis), either in BAT, liver or WAT. The data presented suggest that the hypolipidaemic effect of clofibrate in the rat may be due (possibly among other mechanisms) to reduction of the rate of fatty acid synthesis in BAT but not in the liver and WAT.
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PMID:Inhibition of lipogenesis in rat brown adipose tissue by clofibrate. 824 Apr 2


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