Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
 4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The technique of microacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis was used to repeatedly monitor the qualitative isozyme composition in the tube feet of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata exposed to different temperature regimes. 2. Four enzyme systems were assayed. Three (MDH, HK, and ACPH) were monomorphic for each animal studied and no change in band migration pattern was observed. Banding patterns for the fourth system (EST) were observed to vary in the same individual. 3. The reversible induction of esterase variants in the tube feet of the same individual is reported. 4. The change was temperature dependent, and a period of 7-14 days acclimation was required to induce the pattern alteration.
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PMID:Temperature induced isozyme variants in individuals of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. 31 56

Enzyme polymorphism in triatomine bugs of the genus Rhodnius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease, is analysed using both starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Out of forty-five enzymes assayed, the electromorphs of seventeen of them: AO, CA, DIA, ES, ES-A, FH, GPD, G6PD, GPI, MDH, ME, 6PGD, PGM, ACON, ACPH, LAP and SOD, involving twenty-two putative structural loci, were scorable. These gene-enzyme systems were therefore selected for routine characterization of R.prolixus Stal adults from different strains. The first thirteen enzymes, involving sixteen structural loci, were also analysed in first instar nymphs of the three species, R.prolixus, R.robustus Larrousse and R.pictipes Stal. Allelic frequencies were calculated for three R.prolixus strains: three to five loci appeared to be polymorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci (22%) and the average heterozygosity (0.06) indicated low genetic variability, with significant differences between the strains at individual loci. Rhodnius prolixus and R.robustus were found to have identical isozymic patterns. R.pictipes was genetically well differentiated, with twelve diagnostic loci.
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PMID:Isozyme variability and differentiation between Rhodnius prolixus, R.robustus and R.pictipes, vectors of Chagas disease in Venezuela. 160 Feb 25

Spontaneous mutation rates at ten allozyme loci on chromosomes II and III of Drosophila melanogaster were studied. Over the three and a half years study, one alpha-GPD mutation and two different IDH mutations were obtained. The alpha-GPD mutation was inherited in the Mendelian fashion, as expected. The two IDH mutations were peculiar in that the band of new types appeared only in females. In males, only the original bands were stained, and the positions where mutant alleles' bands should be present were blank. Both IDH mutant homozygotes appeared as null allele homozygotes, while in females clear-cut single bands were present.-The rates of spontaneous mutation varied greatly. Eight loci studied (MDH, ADH, EST-6, APH, EST-C, ODH, XDH, AO) did not give any germ-line mutation. The average germ-line mutation rate over all ten loci was estimated at 4.5 x 10(-6). This rate is considerably smaller than that for sex-linked recessive visible mutations (Muller, Valencia and Valencia 1950), but it is somewhat less than autosomal recessive visible mutations (Glass and Ritterhoff 1956).
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PMID:A study of spontaneous mutation rates at ten loci detectable by starch gel electrophoresis in Drosophila melanogaster. 462 17

Nine populations of Oncomelania, field-collected from Anhui, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan were studied by horizontal starch gel electrophoretic method with 24 enzyme systems (AAT, AcPH, AK, AO, APH, CK, EST, GDH, GPI, G6PD, HBD, ISDH, LAP, LDH, ME, MDH, MPI, NADD, OCT, PGM, 6PGD, SDH, SOD, XDH) analyzed. 40 loci and 117 alleles were detected in the Oncomelania. Both of GPI and PGM-I, with 7 alleles, were the most variable loci. 22 loci had more than 3 alleles each. Of 40 loci examined in the 24 isozyme systems, 14 were found to be polymorphic, the proportion of multilocus enzymes being 58.3%. Our results showed that the genetic polymorphism existing in the populations of Oncomelania in the mainland of China. PGM and MDH, were found in both the populations of Oncomelania and strains of Schistosoma japonicum in the mainland of China. The results provided a new idea for studying snails and Schistosoma. Also, we found that there might be some correlation between the polymorphic locus and the feature of the shell of Oncomelania snail.
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PMID:[Study on allele frequency in Oncomelania from the mainland of China]. 786 49

Ten gene enzymic systems (alpha-GPDH, AO, MDH, ADH, LAP, SOD, ALP, ACPH, ME, and EST), corresponding to 12 genetic loci, were assayed from five Greek populations representing three subspecies of Apis mellifera, A. m. cecropia (Pthiotida, Kythira), A. m. macedonica (Macedonia), and the "Aegean race" of A. mellifera, which is supposed to be very similar to A. m. adami (Ikaria, Kasos), as well as a population from Cypus (A. m. cypria). ADH( *)-1, ADH( *)-2, and LAP( *) electrophoretic patterns discriminate the Cyprus population from the Greek populations. MDH( *)-1, EST( *)-3, SOD( *), ALP( *), and ME( *) loci were found to be polymorphic in almost all populations. The observed heterozygosity was found to range from 0.066 to 0.251. Allele frequencies of all loci were used to estimate Nei's genetic distance, which was found to range between 0.011 and 0.413 among the populations studied. UPGMA and neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees obtained by genetic distance matrix methods, as well as a Wagner tree based on the discrete character parsimony method, support the hypothesis that the most distant population is that from Cyprus. Our allozymic data support A. m. cypria as a distinct subspecies, but there was no allozymic support for the distinction of the other subspecies existing in Greece.
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PMID:Allozyme variability and phylogenetic relationships in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis mellifera) populations from Greece and Cyprus. 1634 63

Relationship between heterozygosity at allozyme loci, chromosomal interchanges and fitness was analyzed in a rye cultivar showing a polymorphism for such rearrangements. Nine allozyme systems (ACO, ACPH, GOT, GPI, LAP, MDH, PER, PGD and PGM) and five components of fitness (number of fertile tillers, total offspring, egg cell fertility, flowers/ear and seeds/ear) were studied. The estimated selection coefficients against interchange heterozygotes ranged from s = 0.12 to s = 0.34. A significant effect of the genic heterozygosity on some fitness components was observed in interchange heterozygotes (tillering and total offspring), in their standard homozygous sibs (flowers/ear and seeds/ear) and in the descendants of the crosses between standard karyotypes (flowers/ear, seeds/ear and egg cell fertility). However, the main effect was linked to genetic background associated to different crosses. Significant differences for Acph-1, Gpi-1, Lap-1, Mdh-1, Mdh-4, Pgd-2 and Pgm-1 loci were also found in some of these crosses although these differences were inconsistent. This suggests that probably the allozyme loci analyzed were not directly contributing to the fitness and that they are linked, in some cases, to different deleterious alleles depending on both cross and locus. This fact could support the local effect hypothesis as explanation although we do not discard the existence of some inbreeding level (general effect hypothesis) since all crosses and loci studied show a overall consistent trend of increased fitness with increased heterozygosity.
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PMID:Genic heterozygosity, chromosomal interchanges and fitness in rye: any relationship? 1702 57

Thirteen enzymes (MDH, SDH, LAP, PGM, PX, IDH, GPI, 6PGD, APH, GOT, GDH, ME and SOD) of 3 cultivated beet (B. vulgaris L.) gene pools, comprising 12 accessions of fodder beet, 11 of old multigerm sugar beet and 10 of modern monogerm sugar beet, were investigated using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Eleven accessions of primitive or wild B. vulgaris were also included for the comparison of isozymes. Variation in isozyme phenotypes was investigated to detect diversity in the three cultivated forms of beet. Phenotypic variation was observed in all except ME and SOD, which were monomorphic. A high degree of phenotypic polymorphism (Pj) was found in GDH, PGM, IDH, APH and MDH. Differences in phenotypic polymorphism in MDH, GPI and PX were recognized between fodder beet and both sugar beet groups. Average polymorphism for 13 enzymes in both sugar beets was significantly higher than that in fodder beet. For 13 enzymes, the existence of high isozyme diversity in both sugar beet gene pools was revealed. Allele frequencies in 13 alleles of five enzyme-coding loci, Lap, Px-1, Aph-1, Got-2 and Gdh-2, were investigated. New alleles, Px-1 (1) and Got-2 (1), were found in fodder beet accessions. No significant differences of average allele frequencies of five loci between fodder beet and both sugar beets were recognized. Several unique alleles and different isozyme phenotypes were observed in the accessions of B. vulgaris ssp. macrocarpa and ssp. adanensis. Future utilization of cultivated beet gene pools for sugar beet breeding is discussed from the viewpoint of genetic resources.
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PMID:Phenotypic polymorphism and allele differentiation of isozymes in fodder beet, multigerm sugar beet and monogerm sugar beet. 2423 6

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), phosphoglucose mutase (PGM), glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), leaf esterases (ESTL), leaf acid (ACPH) and endosperm alkaline (PHE) phosphatases, leaf peroxidases (PERL) zymogram phenotypes of Triticum aestivum, Agropyron intermedium, Triticum aestivum - Agropyron intermedium octoploids and six Agropyron intermedium chromosome additions to Triticum aestivum and two ditelocentric addition lines were determined. It was found that the six disomic chromosome addition lines and one ditelocentric chromosome addition line could be distinguished from one another and from the other possible lines on the basis of the zymogram phenotypes of these isozymes. The structural gene Acph-X1 was located on Agropyron chromosome L1, the genes Got-X3 and Mdh-X2 on chromosome L2, the gene Gpi-X1 on chromosome L3, the genes Adh-X1, Pgm-X1 and Phe-3 on chromosome L4, gene Perl-1 on chromosome L5 and the gene Estl-2 on chromosome L7 and chromosome arm L7d2. These gene locations provide evidence of homoeology between Agropyron chromosomes L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 and L7 and the Triticum aestivum chromosomes of homoeologous groups 7, 3, 1, 4, 2 and 6, respectively.
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PMID:Biochemical evidence of homoeology between Triticum aestivum and Agropyron intermedium chromosomes. 2424 8