Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
 4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood samples collected in a single Pygmy tribe, the Aka, living in Bokoka district (Central African Empire) were investigated with respect to the phenotype and gene frequencies of the following 12 enzyme systems: acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, carbonic anhydrase, esterase D, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase 1, phosphoglucomutase 2, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and serum cholinesterase variants (locus E1 and E2). The data obtained in the study of genetic polymorphisms of this isolated and inbred population show a specific pattern with the following characteristics: the very low frequency of PGDB and pa alleles; the existence of two rare PGM variants at the PGM2 locus, typical PGM26Pyg (4.2%) and PGM29 (0.2%); the high frequency of the pr allele (10.8%) and CAII2 (8.22%) and ESD2 genes (18.4%). Furthermore, at the G6PD locus four distinct alleles have been found: the negroid GdA- (4%) and GdA+ (16%), the common GdB+ (79.2%)--, and the rare Gd+Ibadan Austin (0.7%). Cholinesterase typings disclosed the presence of the uncommon E1f and E1s genes distributed within a single breeding unit. The results are compared with other data previously reported on South African Khoisan and some Negroid populations; the particular genetic background of Pygmies is discussed.
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PMID:Population genetic studies of the Aka pygmies (Central Africa): a survey of red cell and serum enzymes. 46 35

Phenotype and gene frequencies are presented for eight polymorphic systems among the Nubians of South Egypt, namely, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, esterase D, phosphoglucomutase I, peptidase A, and haptoglobin. Eleven systems, namely, albumin, ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, malate dehydrogenase, peptidase B and C, phosphoglucomutase II, and transferrin were found to be monomorphic. A single electrophoretic variant of phosphohexose isomerase were observed.
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PMID:The Nubians of Kom Ombo: serum and red cell protein types. 61 20

Blood samples from 509 Macushi and 623 Wapishana Amerindians of of Northern Brazil and Southern Guyana have been analyzed with reference to the occurrence of rare variants and genetic polymorphisms of the following 25 systems: (i) Erythrocyte enzymes: acid phosphatase-1, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase-k, carbonic anhydrase-1, carbonic anhydrase-2, esterase A1,2,3, esterase D, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, peptidase A, peptidase B, phosphoglucomutase 1, phosphoglucomutase 2, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphohexoseisomerase, triosephosphate isomerase and (ii) Serum proteins: albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, hemoglobin A2 and transferrin. Fifteen different rare variants were detected, involving 11 of these systems. In addition, a previously undescribed variant of ESA 1,2,3 which achieves polymorphic proportions in both these tribes is described. Excluding this variant, the frequency of rare variants is 1.1/1000 in 12510 determinations in the Macushi and 4.7/1000 in 15396 determinations in the Wapishana. The ESA 1,2,3 polymorphism was not observed in 382 Makiritare, 232 Yanomama, 146 Piaroa, 404 Cayapo, 190 Kraho and 112 Moro. Irregularities in the intratribal distribution of this polymorphism in the Macushi and Wapishana render a decision as to the tribe of origin impossible at present. Gene frequencies are also given for previously described polymorphisms of 5 systems: haptoglobin, phosphoglucomutase 1, erythrocyte acid phosphatase, esterase D, and galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase.
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PMID:Genetic studies of the Macushi and Wapishana Indians. I. Rare genetic variants and a "private polymorphism' of esterase A. 87 Apr 12

Vertical starch gel electrophoresis was used to resolve proteins encoded by 18 gene loci in ascaridoid nematodes. Estimates of genetic variability were made from population samples of the dog ascarid (Toxocara canis), cat ascarid (Toxocara cati), and the horse ascarid (Parascaris equorum). Levels of polymorphism and mean heterozygosity were high, which is not consistent with the hypothesis that the intestinal environment selects for monomorphism among endoparasites. Most observed allele frequencies conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations as tested by chi2 goodness-of-fit, suggesting that the proteins evaluated are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and that these nematodes are mating at random. Subunit structures of the following enzymes, deduced from electrophoretic phenotypes of heterozygotes, corresponded to those of vertebrates: lactate dehydrogenase; malate dehydrogenase; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; phosphoglucomutase; esterase D; peptidase B; peptidase D; and mannose-6-phosphate isomerase. This observation substantiates the conservative nature of polypeptide subunit number across phylogenetically diverse groups of organisms.
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PMID:Biochemical polymorphism in Parascaris equorum, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. 293 2

Serum protein (albumin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin and group-specific component), haemoglobin, and red cell enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, esterase D, adenylate kinase, glyoxalase I, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase and superoxide dismutase) polymorphisms were studied among the Bengali Muslims of Bangladesh. In general, the gene frequencies of the polymorphic systems were similar to those in West Bengal and Assam. There appears to be a relatively strong Mongoloid influence in the present population as evidenced by the presence of HbE and TfDChi, higher frequencies of Hp1 and GcIF, and a lower AK2 frequency.
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PMID:Blood genetic markers in Bengali Muslims of Bangladesh. 295 66

Ten red cell enzyme polymorphisms, malic dehydrogenase (MDH1), adenylate kinase (AK), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), adenosine deaminase (ADA), esterase D (ESD), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), acid phosphatase (ACP1), phosphoglucomutase 1 and 2 (PGM1, PGM2), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) were investigated in the Baruya tribe and several Anga tribes living high in the Wonenara and Marawaka valleys in Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands (6.5S, 145.5E). Also a non-Anga tribe, the Aziana or Kenaze, was sampled. Variants were observed in ADA, PGM1 and PGM2. AK and PHI were monomorphic, all subjects being AK 1 and PHI 1; MDH1 was also monomorphic in Anga while variants were observed in Aziana. This latter tribe differed markedly in each system from the Anga peoples.
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PMID:Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands. 315 37

Allele frequencies are reported for 19 blood group, red cell enzyme, and serum protein loci (ABO, Rh, MN, Hb-A, LDH-A, LDH-B, SOD, PGM-1, PGM-2, 6PGD, GPT, ESD, ADA, ACP, PGK, MDH, Alb, Hp, and Tf) determined from 310 blood samples collected among the Gainj, a small population of tribal horticulturalists from highland Papua New Guniea. Fourteen of these loci display genetic variants, and ten of them are sufficiently polymorphic to permit a preliminary analysis of Gainj population structure. Patterns of variation among subdivisions of the population are analyzed using an approach analogous to a multivariate analysis of variance with unbalanced design, and weighted genetic distances are extracted from the results. The distance analysis indicates that patterns of genetic variation within this population reflect the geographical distribution of subdivisions, as well as subdivision size and movement among subdivisions. A parallel analysis of the Gainj and two other tribal groups from highland New Guinea, the Murapin Enga and the Simbai Valley Maring, suggests that the Gainj are both genetically divergent from neighboring populations and internally highly differentiated.
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PMID:The genetic demography of the Gainj of Papua New Guinea. I. Local differentiation of blood group, red cell enzyme, and serum protein allele frequencies. 713 24

The genetic heterogeneity of some common red cell enzyme markers among four endogamous tribal populations namely Konda Dora, Kotia, Bod Mali and Manzai Mali was investigated by starch/polyacrylamide/cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis. ACP, ESD, PGM1, G6PD, AK1, ADA, 6PGD enzymes and haemoglobin exhibited a polymorphism. PGM2, LDH, MDH, SOD, GOT, CA1, CA2 and GPI were monomorphic. A slow variant of SOD similar to that found in SOD 2-1 heterozygote was observed with a frequency of 1.31% among Kotia tribe. Most populations of the present study were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the majority of the genetic markers examined. The results are discussed in the light of available data on other Andhra populations.
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PMID:Genetic polymorphisms of red cell enzymes in tribes of Andhra Pradesh, India. 884 41

For the first time, an analysis was carried out of allozyme variability in trout (Salmo trutta) from three rivers of Iran. We studied 23 gene loci coding enzymes: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), malic enzyme [NADP-dependent MDH] (MEP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), esterase (EST), and esterase D (EST-D). The obtained data demonstrate the similarity between the trout samples from different rivers of Iran according to genetic characteristics. Taking into account the differences by allozyme markers of allele frequencies and allele composition of some loci, we should expect that Iranian trout diverges significantly in genetics from the other trout populations of the Caspian Sea.
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PMID:Allozyme variability in populations of trout (Salmo trutta) from the rivers of Russia and Iran. 2396 72