Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The histochemistry of the hepatic parenchymal cells was studied in four Callithrix jacchus. A large amount of glycogen was noted throughout the lobules while the UDPG-GT and the phosphorylases were found unevenly distributed by the hepatic strands with different degrees of reactivity. Near the central vein one of the livers showed PAS-positive nuclear corpuscles that were more conspicuous in the hepatic cells with a larger amount of cytoplasmic glycogen and weaker UDPG-GT and phosphorylase reactivities. G-6PA (in a larger amount) and LDH (in a moderate amount) were found evenly distributed in the hepatic strands. F-1-6PA was seen sometimes with a stronger reactivity at the peripheral part of the lobules. The enzymes of the pentose shunt (G-6PDH, 6-PGDH and NADPH-2-TR) reacted strongly and as a rule evenly distributed near the hepatic lobules. Occasionally they reacted more intensely in the row of hepatic cells disposed just around the central vein. Cytochrome oxidase showed a very faint reaction. Cis-aconitase and ICDH were weak or moderate. NADH-2-TR more than SDH more than MDH were seen frequently diffused near the hepatic strands. SDH and MDH in some instances showed a stronger reactivity in the row or group of hepatic cells around the central vein. ATPase at pH 6.3 was negative in the marmoset liver; ATPase at pH 7.4 was mainly found in the wall of the portal area vessels; ATPase at pH 8.5 showed a stronger reactivity in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells and ATPase at pH 9.4 was more abundant in the bile capillaries. The reactivity of the lipid metabolism enzymes was moderate with regard to alpha-GPDH or negligible with regard to beta-OHBDH. Acid phosphatase showed a stronger reaction, but almost limited to the Kupffer cells. The hepatic cells showed only a moderate amount of RNA. Some enzymes of the protein metabolism, such as GDH and leucine aminopeptidase showed a stronger reactivity while some others, such as alanyl aminopeptidase and MAO, were seen diffused near the hepatic lobules in a small amount. Enzymes of the mucopolysaccharide metabolism were not found at all (beta-glucuronidase) or showed only a weak reactivity, such as xylitol dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Histochemical data on the liver of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). 16 44

Two carbon catabolite repression mutants of S. cerevisiae were isolated and characterized. In spite of the selection procedure (red colonies after tetrazolium overlay at high glucose concentration) the mutants exhibited a respiration which was as repressed as that of the parental strain or even more repressed. When grown at high glucose concentration the mutants display hyper-repression of cytochrome aa3 and of certain mitochondrial enzymes (L- and D-lactate dehydrogenases) but not of others (malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase), indicating the existence of separate control sites for the different genes involved in the mitochondrial biogenesis. The data obtained pointed out that the same mutation affects both repression and derepression. In addition, the mutation(s) give rise to the complete derepression of the cytoplasmic enzyme NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase at 10% glucose whereas the enzyme is normally repressed at 3% glucose. The results of the genetic analysis indicate the mitochondrial nature of the mutation(s).
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of carbon catabolite repression mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 208 99

1. Two populations of morphologically intact mitochondria were isolated from embryonic, neonatal and adult chick liver by isopycnic centrifugation. 2. The protein/phospholipid ratio of the total mitochondrial fraction, the low-density mitochondria (B2, d1.176) and the high-density mitochondria (B3, d1.206) did not differ significantly. 3. During development there is a marked increase in the B2 fraction in relation to the B3 fraction. 4. Cytochrome oxidase and malate dehydrogenase activities as well as respiratory control increased during the embryonic development of the chick, though their rates of increase were not correlated. 5. In the three different embryonic stages that were investigated, as well as in the neonatal and adult chick, the protein/lipid as well as the protein/phospholipid ratio stayed constant and showed no progressive increase, as had been previously reported. 6. It was shown that forces greater than 18400g(av.) for 2h have to be used before chick liver mitochondria reach isopycnic equilibrium. 7. As for rat liver mitochondria, the constant protein/phospholipid ratio of the B2 and B3 fractions and their apparent morphological intactness leads one to conclude that the matrix space of B2 mitochondria is inaccessible to sucrose, whereas B3 mitochondria possess an inner membrane that is permeable to sucrose.
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PMID:Changes in the proportions of two mitochondrial populations during the development of embryonic chick liver. 433 Nov 78

Mitochondrial enzyme activities (cytochrome c-oxidase = COX, carnitine acyl-transferase = CAT, citrate synthase = CS, lipoamide dehydrogenase = lipDH from the pyruvate-dehydrogenase complex, lactate dehydrogenase = LDH, and malate-dehydrogenase = MDH) were measured from progressive myopathy/encephalomyopathy. Cytochrome oxidase (COX) deficiency was detected from muscle or liver tissues, adult type of COX defectus had been diagnosed in 1 case and infantile type in further 6 cases. The 3 familial atactic children showed decreased activity of carnitine acetyl-transferase, too.
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PMID:[Specific enzyme diagnosis in mitochondrial myopathies and encephalomyopathies]. 817 Jun 74

Channel catfish were collected on 11 different dates from October 1991 to July 1993 and acclimated in the laboratory to 7 degrees C, 15 degrees C, or 25 degrees C for 6 wk. Hepatosomatic index, mg protein mg-1 DNA, total liver DNA and protein, and the activities of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase were measured to examine seasonal variation in the acclimation response. Liver and muscle cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were measured to compare tissue-specific responses. Hepatosomatic indexes of fall and winter channel catfish were highest at 7 degrees C, with values at 15 degrees C higher than at 25 degrees C, while spring and summer fish had the highest values at 15 degrees C, with values at 7 degrees C higher than those at 25 degrees C. Acclimation patterns for total liver protein and DNA, mg protein mg-1 DNA, and glycogen were generally higher in cold temperatures but varied seasonally in an unpredictable manner. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase demonstrated positive acclimation in the fall and winter; fish collected in the spring and summer showed little or inverse acclimation. Liver lactate dehydrogenase activity showed little or no positive compensation at any time of the year. Cytochrome oxidase activity showed positive acclimation in muscle but not liver. All liver enzymes, even those that showed marginal acclimation on a protein basis, showed positive acclimation when activity was expressed on a whole-liver basis.
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PMID:Seasonal variations in the temperature acclimation response of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. 923 74

Studies of respiration on glucose in procyclic Trypanosoma congolense in the presence of rotenone, antimycin, cyanide, salicylhydroxamic acid and malonate have indicated the presence of NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b-c1, cytochrome aa3, trypanosome alternate oxidase and NADH fumarate reductase/succinate dehydrogenase pathway that contributes electrons to coenzyme Q of the respiratory chain. The rotenone sensitive NADH dehydrogenase, the trypanosome alternate oxidase, and cytochrome aa3 accounted for 24.5 +/- 6.5, 36.2 +/- 4.2 and 54.1 +/- 5.5% respectively of the total respiration. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase, NAD(+)-linked malic enzyme and pyruvate kinase were less than 6 nanomoles/min/mg protein suggesting that they play a minor role in energy metabolism of the parasite. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADP(+)-linked malic enzyme, NADH fumarate reductase, malate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and glycerol kinase on the other hand had specific activities greater than 60 nanomoles/min/mg protein. These enzyme activities could account for the production of pyruvate, acetate, succinate and glycerol. The results further show that the amount of glycerol produced was 35-48% of the combined total of pyruvate, acetate and succinate produced. It is apparent that some of the glycerol 3-phosphate produced in glycolysis in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid is dephosphorylated to form glycerol while the rest is oxidised via cytochrome aa3 to form acetate, succinate and pyruvate.
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PMID:Pathways of glucose catabolism in procyclic Trypanosoma congolense. 1084 79

Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) sequencing, Southern blot of a repetitive DNA element and single strand conformation polymorphism of the 5' non-transcribed region of the cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) gene were used to determine the extent and distribution of Echinococcus granulosus genetic variation in Argentina. Five distinct strains of E. granulosus were shown to exist in the country. The common sheep, Tasmanian sheep, cattle and camel strains were identified in humans. Unlike the situation found in other countries, where the common sheep strain is the major source of human contamination, the Tasmanian sheep and camel strains produced a significant number of human infections in some regions of Argentina. This is the first report of cattle strain in humans in South America. Goats could be the natural intermediate host of the camel strain, which was not identified in humans from other regions so far. More than one genotype was identified in the same geographic area. These findings may have important consequences for human health and the control of hydatid disease. Within-strain differences were also observed, showing the potential of variation of E. granulosus.
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PMID:Several strains of Echinococcus granulosus infect livestock and humans in Argentina. 1279 89

Rapid increases in activities and components of mitochondrial particles isolated from cotyledons of Pisum sativum var. Alaska during the early stage of germination are described. Respiratory rate of the cotyledons increased rapidly as hydration proceeded. A similar but slightly delayed increase in respiratory activity of the isolated mitochondrial fraction was observed. The respiratory control ratio and adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate/oxygen ratio rose during imbibition. Cytochrome oxidase and malate dehydrogenase activities in the mitochondrial fraction increased during the initial phase of imbibition. The increase seemed to precede that in respiratory activity. A significant activity of cytochrome oxidase and most of the malate dehydrogenase activity in the cotyledons were present in the postmitochondrial fraction in the case of the dry seeds. Mitochondrial protein and phospholipid also increased during imbibition, and the rise in the components seemed to concur with that in respiratory activity. The mechanism of mitochondrial development during imbibition is discussed.
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PMID:Rapid Development of Mitochondria in Pea Cotyledons during the Early Stage of Germination. 1665 59

An attempt to isolate intact mitochondria from dry pea seeds (Pisum sativum var. Alaska) ended in failure. Cytochrome oxidase in crude mitochondrial fraction from dry seeds was separated into three fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Two of the fractions contained malate dehydrogenase, whereas the other did not. Equilibrium centrifugation of mitochondrial membrane on sucrose gradients revealed that the membrane from the fraction without malate dehydrogenase was lighter than that from the others. Differences were observed in relative content of phospholipid to protein and in polypeptide composition analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis among the membranes from three fractions and imbibed cotyledons. Membrane from the fraction without malate dehydrogenase was rich in phospholipid and lacking in polypeptides with relatively high molecular weights as compared with that from others. During imbibition, the fraction without malate dehydrogenase and one of the other two disappeared rapidly after a lag phase lasting for at least 1 hour. Concomitantly, active and stable mitochondria increased in the cotyledons. The results were interpreted to indicate that there were at least three types of mitochondria in dry seeds, the membranes of which differed in their biochemical properties, and that the mitochondria became active and stable through assembly of protein into the membranes during imbibition.
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PMID:Biochemical Properties of Mitochondrial Membrane from Dry Pea Seeds and Changes in the Properties during Imbibition. 1665 1

Isozyme analysis and cytochrome oxidase sequences were used to examine whether differentiation of P. fragariae var. fragariae and P. fragariae var. rubi at the variety level is justified. In isozyme studies six strains of both P. fragariae varieties were analyzed with malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), aconitase (ACO), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), comprising altogether seven putative loci. Five unique alleles (Mdh-1(A), Mdh-2(B), Gpi(A), Aco(B) and Idh-1(B)) were found in strains of P. fragariae var. fragariae, whereas five unique alleles (Mdh-1(B), Mdh-2(A), Gpi(B), Aco(A) and Idh-1(A)) were present in strains of P. fragariae var. rubi. It was inferred from these data that there is no gene flow between the two P. fragariae varieties. Cytochrome oxidase I (Cox I) sequences showed consistent differences at 15 positions between strains of Fragaria and Rubus respectively. Based on isozyme data, cytochrome oxidase I sequences, and previously published differences in restyriction enzyme patterns of mitochondrial DNA, sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, AFLP patterns and pathogenicity, it was concluded that both specific pathogenic varieties of P. fragariae are reproductively isolated and constitute a distinct species. Consequently strains isolated from Rubus idaeus are assigned to Phytophthora rubi comb. nov.
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PMID:Gene flow analysis demonstrates that Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi constitutes a distinct species, Phytophthora rubi comb. nov. 1768 74


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