Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
 4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood samples collected in a single Pygmy tribe, the Aka, living in Bokoka district (Central African Empire) were investigated with respect to the phenotype and gene frequencies of the following 12 enzyme systems: acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, carbonic anhydrase, esterase D, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase 1, phosphoglucomutase 2, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and serum cholinesterase variants (locus E1 and E2). The data obtained in the study of genetic polymorphisms of this isolated and inbred population show a specific pattern with the following characteristics: the very low frequency of PGDB and pa alleles; the existence of two rare PGM variants at the PGM2 locus, typical PGM26Pyg (4.2%) and PGM29 (0.2%); the high frequency of the pr allele (10.8%) and CAII2 (8.22%) and ESD2 genes (18.4%). Furthermore, at the G6PD locus four distinct alleles have been found: the negroid GdA- (4%) and GdA+ (16%), the common GdB+ (79.2%)--, and the rare Gd+Ibadan Austin (0.7%). Cholinesterase typings disclosed the presence of the uncommon E1f and E1s genes distributed within a single breeding unit. The results are compared with other data previously reported on South African Khoisan and some Negroid populations; the particular genetic background of Pygmies is discussed.
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PMID:Population genetic studies of the Aka pygmies (Central Africa): a survey of red cell and serum enzymes. 46 35

Leishmaniasis in Iraq takes both the visceral and cutaneous forms. The causative organisms are identified according to the electrophoretic variation of the enzymes MDH, GPI, 6PGD, PGM and IDH. The 37 visceral stocks investigated fall into two groups which differ only with respect to GPI. The six cutaneous stocks were divided into three groups. Group 3 represents Leishmania major, while groups 4 and 5 refer to L. tropica showing intraspecific variation with regard to 6PGD.
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PMID:Isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania species from Iraq. 53 55

Data for the distribution of alleles controlling two blood group systems and secretor status, for hemoglobin types, five serum protein groups and 15 red cell enzyme systems has been obtained. Eleven of the systems showed polymorphic variation and these systems have been used to calculate genetic distances using Morton's Kinship measure. No systematic relationship between genetic distance and geographic location of linguistic affiliation is apparent. There is, however, an apparent cline of decreasing frequency of PGDc from east to west and also significant differences in the frequency of G6PD deficiency corresponding to variation in the ecology of the region. Genetic distance comparisons with other selected populations reveal that the Turkic and Turkoman speaking peoples in the Caspian area cluster with the Kurds, Greeks and Iranis. The Persian speakers are genetically remote from these populations; they are, however, close to the Parsis who migrated from Iran to India at the end of the Seventh Century A.D. Several unusual genetic variants were detected, including a novel MDH phenotype, a superoxide dismutase phenotype identical with the Scandinavian type, and rare forms of LDH, PGM locus 2, ceruloplasmin, diaphorase, peptidases and PHI.
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PMID:Genes and people in the Caspian Littoral: a population genetic study in Northern Iran. 87 Nov 49

Genetic analysis was performed on five enzyme systems (G3PDH; GPI-A; GPI-B; PGM; MDH-A) in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) collected in spawning condition from the North Sea. Conventional crosses, induced gynogenesis and induced triploidy were performed. The data conclusively demonstrated the inheritance of isozymes by co-dominant alleles at individual loci for each system. No linkage was observed but tests did not include MDH nor the possibility of linkage between G3PDH and GPI-A. Some anomalous segregation ratios were observed, particularly a deficiency of heterozygotes for GPI-A, but the data were largely in conformity with Mendelian expectations. At the PGM locus, five independent anomalous individuals were scored and interpreted as mutations with a mutation rate of 1.1 X 10(-3) per gamete. Recombination with the centromere was assessed and induced triploidy and cross-over values of 41 per cent for PGM, 19 per cent for MDH-A and 9 per cent for GPI-B were derived on the assumption of complete interference. Amongst the parent fish, genotypic and phenotypic frequencies were largely consistent with the expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg Law, and allelic frequencies were not significantly different between year of collection or location of collection ground.
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PMID:Genetic analysis of enzyme polymorphisms in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). 106 11

Three enzyme systems, MDH, PGM and AGPDH, were investigated in starry flounder collected from off northwestern Hokkaido Island, Japan; western Kamchatka; USSR; Puget Sound, Washington, USA; and Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA. Significant differences in MDH allele distribution were found between the Asian-Puget Sound and Yaquina Bay-Puget Sound samples suggesting that this system may be useful to separate different population units. The allele frequencies of MDH and PGM did not show significant variation with body length and handedness in starry flounder collected from Puget Sound, Washington, and did not support the hypothesis of differential viability between dextral and sinistrial forms of starry flounder.
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PMID:Biochemical polymorphism of starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, from the northwestern and northeastern Pacific Ocean. 123 26

In laboratory cultures of Drosophila melanogaster derived from an African population, the quantities of six out of seven enzymes (G6PD, IDH, GPDH, ME, MDH, PGM and ADH) were higher in Adh-FF homozygotes than they were in Adh-SS. In crosses between Adh-FF and Adh-SS flies, the differences segregated as co-dominant alleles of a single Mendelian gene closely linked, or identical, to the Adh locus. The generality of these associations was suggested by the study of a French population with a very different history and genetic background. The possibility that the associations were caused by artefacts of the immunodiffusion techniques, or to a linked inversion (In(2L)t), was excluded. Possible ways by which the Adh locus may affect the quantities of other enzymes are discussed.
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PMID:Synergistic effect of Adh alleles in Drosophila melanogaster. 134 24

Electrophoretic techniques have been used to survey five different field-collected isolates (i.e., Anhui, Hubei, Guangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan) of S. japonicum from the mainland of China for genetic variation at 7 isozymes markers representing 9 loci. Polymorphic loci were observed for LDH-1, LDH-2, MDH and PGM, respectively, the proportion of polymorphic loci being 44.4%. Average heterozygosity varied between 0.223 and 0.425, with a mean of 0.332. Nei's genetic distance (D) among the populations of 5 isolates gave values between 0.001 and 0.039 with an average of 0.023, indicating that these isolates are very closely related.
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PMID:[Studies on the strain differences of Schistosoma japonicum in the mainland of China. VII. Genetic variation and differentiation of five isolates]. 139 85

The technique of allozyme electrophoresis was applied to two laboratory strains (isolated from the center or south-east of France) and wild populations of Teladorsagia circumcincta from the center of France. Five systems out of 13 (GPI, MPI, MDH, LDH, PGM) could be interpreted. By means of a multivariate analysis, it was shown that the laboratory strains were very similar with each other and genetically different from the wild populations. A deficiency of heterozygotes was recorded for each enzyme locus (except for MDH) in all populations studied.
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PMID:Allozyme variation between laboratory reared and wild populations of Teladorsagia circumcincta. 139 41

Using a database of allozyme studies, correlations in heterozygosity between selected enzyme loci (MDH, alpha GPDH, IDH, 6PGDH, LDH, SOD, AAT, PGM, EST, PGI) were calculated across vertebrate species. Large and positive correlations were observed with untransformed heterozygosity values. However, after transformation to correct for mean species heterozygosity, correlations were substantially reduced and median values were closer to zero. Some enzymes were more often involved in significant correlations than others, and correlations calculated across species within vertebrate classes were significant for different enzyme pairs in different classes. There was no evidence that significant correlations occurred primarily between functionally related enzymes. It is suggested that the observed correlations are best explained by variation between enzyme loci in functional constraint and effective neutral mutation rate.
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PMID:A study of interlocus allozyme heterozygosity correlations: implications for neutral theory. 152 53

Enzyme polymorphism in triatomine bugs of the genus Rhodnius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease, is analysed using both starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Out of forty-five enzymes assayed, the electromorphs of seventeen of them: AO, CA, DIA, ES, ES-A, FH, GPD, G6PD, GPI, MDH, ME, 6PGD, PGM, ACON, ACPH, LAP and SOD, involving twenty-two putative structural loci, were scorable. These gene-enzyme systems were therefore selected for routine characterization of R.prolixus Stal adults from different strains. The first thirteen enzymes, involving sixteen structural loci, were also analysed in first instar nymphs of the three species, R.prolixus, R.robustus Larrousse and R.pictipes Stal. Allelic frequencies were calculated for three R.prolixus strains: three to five loci appeared to be polymorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci (22%) and the average heterozygosity (0.06) indicated low genetic variability, with significant differences between the strains at individual loci. Rhodnius prolixus and R.robustus were found to have identical isozymic patterns. R.pictipes was genetically well differentiated, with twelve diagnostic loci.
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PMID:Isozyme variability and differentiation between Rhodnius prolixus, R.robustus and R.pictipes, vectors of Chagas disease in Venezuela. 160 Feb 25


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