Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
 4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using a database of allozyme studies, correlations in heterozygosity between selected enzyme loci (MDH, alpha GPDH, IDH, 6PGDH, LDH, SOD, AAT, PGM, EST, PGI) were calculated across vertebrate species. Large and positive correlations were observed with untransformed heterozygosity values. However, after transformation to correct for mean species heterozygosity, correlations were substantially reduced and median values were closer to zero. Some enzymes were more often involved in significant correlations than others, and correlations calculated across species within vertebrate classes were significant for different enzyme pairs in different classes. There was no evidence that significant correlations occurred primarily between functionally related enzymes. It is suggested that the observed correlations are best explained by variation between enzyme loci in functional constraint and effective neutral mutation rate.
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PMID:A study of interlocus allozyme heterozygosity correlations: implications for neutral theory. 152 53

Alterations in the rat brain carbohydrate and related metabolisms were studied during acute and chronic acephate toxicity. The rats were divided into three batches of eight in each batch. The first batch was treated with chronic (50 mg.Kg-1.day-1 for 7 weeks) and second batch was treated with acute (600 mg.Kg-1.day-1 for one day) doses of acephate, third group was served as control which received vehicle only. The representative enzymes like SDH, MDH, LDH, GDH, AAT and AlAT activities were decreased significantly during chronic treatment. Whereas MDH, LDH, AAT and AlAT activities showed significant increase during acute treatment. The glycogen and pyruvate levels showed nonsignificant elevation and lactate and total carbohydrate levels were depleted in the brains of chronic acephate treated rats. Reverse trend was observed with regard to lactate and pyruvate during acute toxicity whereas the total carbohydrates and glycogen levels were significantly elevated. The decreased oxidative potential and reduced flux of ketoacids into TCA cycle through transamination reactions indicate that acephate caused energy crisis in the brain during chronic treatment. During acute treatment the inhibited succinate oxidation was compensated by the ketoacid contributions through transamination reactions. The neuro transmitter balance with particular reference to glutamate during toxic stress was reflected through the GDH levels in both the treatments.
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PMID:Alterations in glycolytic and oxidative potentials of rat brain during acute and chronic acephate treatments. 195 6

To survey the genetic resources of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks in Finland, an electrophoretic study was made of natural and hatchery stocks. The stocks were compared with the nearest stocks in the USSR, and the effects of hatchery rearing were evaluated. The genetic variation within and between stocks was measured from 20 samples, of which three (Kola, Neva and Onega) were from the USSR. Twenty-five enzyme loci were examined, of which six were polymorphic: AAT-4, IDH-3, ME-3, MDH-3, PGM-1, and SDH-1. The mean heterozygosity of all the populations was 4.2% (1.0-7.2). For the natural salmon stocks of the Arctic Ocean, the mean heterozygosity was 6.3%, for the natural stocks of Atlantic salmon in the Baltic 4.8%, for the hatchery stocks 3.6%, and for the lake salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago Girard) 1.8%. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the amount of variation depends on the effective population size and that culture diminishes variation by decreasing the effective population size. All the stocks originating from different rivers differed from each other with statistical significance. The most unique stocks were the River Kola stock and the lake salmon stock from Lake Saimaa. The genetic distances were consistent with the geographic distance between the rivers from which the stocks originated. Stress is laid on the importance in fish culture of maintaining separate stocks and using larger brood stocks.
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PMID:Electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in natural and hatchery stocks of Atlantic salmon in Finland. 277 27

Distributions of activity of the cytosolic (cAAT) and mitochondrial (mAAT) isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase and of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were determined in guinea pig retinal layers. The distribution of total AAT activity (tAAT = cAAT + mAAT) and of mAAT activity correlated well (r = 0.88-0.91) with the distribution of MDH activity. mAAT activity was highest in the inner segments of the photoreceptors; there was a greater than twelve-fold difference between activity in that layer and in the inner retinal layers. cAAT activity was also highest in the inner segments, but the difference between the activity in the inner segments and the other layers was not nearly as great as with mAAT. cAAT activity was also relatively high in the outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, and part of the inner plexiform layer. The high activity of cAAT, mAAT, and MDH in the inner segments indicates that all of these enzymes are involved in metabolic reactions related to energy production and/or to photoreceptive processes in the outer segments and, therefore, that the enzymes are probably involved in energy-related metabolism at synapses. However, other functions, including those related to neurotransmission, are not excluded.
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PMID:Distribution of activities of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes and malate dehydrogenase in guinea pig retinal layers. 357 59

The ontogenetic trends in the expression of 25 isozymes in liver, gizzard, heart, and pectoralis muscle of White Leghorn chickens were examined using starch gel electrophoresis. Little change in expression during development was evident in liver S-AAT-A, GPI-A, S-ICDH-A, S-MDH-A and M-MDH-A, in gizzard S-ACON-A, ADH-A, GPI-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A PEP-1, and PGM-A, in heart ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, PGM-A, and LDH-A, in pectoralis M-ACON-A, S-ACON-A, ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, and PGM-A, and in liver, gizzard, and heart M-ACON-A, ALD-A, CK-A, G3PDH-A, HK-1, and PGDH-A. Increasing levels of activity were demonstrated in liver ADH-A, ME-A, and PEP-2, in heart M-MDH-A, S-ICDH-A, M-ICDH, and M-AAT-A, and in pectoralis LDH-A, LDH-B, G3PDH-3, ALD-A, CK-A, HK-2, and PGM-B. There was a decrease in the activity of HK-1 in liver and in PEP-1 and PGDH-A in pectoralis muscle throughout development. While CK-C is active in the embryonic pectoralis, CK-A is restricted to later developmental stages. Isozyme expressions in regions of the pectoralis containing fast and slow muscle fibers in 7-month-posthatch individuals were noted and found to be identical. The results underscore the need to use similar developmental stages and tissue samples in comparative electrophoretic studies of birds.
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PMID:A survey of tissue-specific isozyme expressions during chicken ontogeny. 360 63

Mitochondrial aspartate transamination was investigated as a major source of oxalacetate for citrate synthesis in rat ventral prostate. Citrate accumulation was measured in isolated mitochondria incubated with acetyl coenzyme A and various combinations of amino acids. Aspartate plus alpha ketoglutarate in the presence of acetyl coenzyme A resulted in significant citrate accumulation. Neither aspartate nor alpha ketoglutarate alone resulted in any significant citrate accumulation. Aspartate and alpha ketoglutarate use was comparable to glutamate and citrate production. The results indicated the presence of a mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. Castration (3 days) caused a significant decrease in citrate production from aspartate plus alpha ketoglutarate as well as a decrease in mitochondrial AAT activity in prostate although no effect on kidney activity occurred. A single injection of 1 mg. testosterone propionate to castrate rats significantly increased prostate mitochondrial AAT activity within 24 hours while MDH activity was unaltered. A double reciprocal plot indicated that testosterone might regulate the level of mitochondrial AAT in prostate. Ventral prostate also contain a uniquely high level of endogenous aspartate. These studies indicate that aspartate might be the major 4-carbon source of oxalacetate for citrate synthesis. Also testosterone possibly regulated prostate citrate production by its effect on the level of mitochondrial AAT activity.
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PMID:Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase and the effect of testosterone on citrate production in rat ventral prostate. 706 60

Nine populations of Oncomelania, field-collected from Anhui, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan were studied by horizontal starch gel electrophoretic method with 24 enzyme systems (AAT, AcPH, AK, AO, APH, CK, EST, GDH, GPI, G6PD, HBD, ISDH, LAP, LDH, ME, MDH, MPI, NADD, OCT, PGM, 6PGD, SDH, SOD, XDH) analyzed. 40 loci and 117 alleles were detected in the Oncomelania. Both of GPI and PGM-I, with 7 alleles, were the most variable loci. 22 loci had more than 3 alleles each. Of 40 loci examined in the 24 isozyme systems, 14 were found to be polymorphic, the proportion of multilocus enzymes being 58.3%. Our results showed that the genetic polymorphism existing in the populations of Oncomelania in the mainland of China. PGM and MDH, were found in both the populations of Oncomelania and strains of Schistosoma japonicum in the mainland of China. The results provided a new idea for studying snails and Schistosoma. Also, we found that there might be some correlation between the polymorphic locus and the feature of the shell of Oncomelania snail.
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PMID:[Study on allele frequency in Oncomelania from the mainland of China]. 786 49

We have expressed the DNA of the fusion of CS1 to MDH1 in Escherichia coli gltA-. The fusion protein (CS1/MDH1) is the C-terminus of CS1 linked in-frame to the N-terminus of MDH1 with a short linker of glycyl-seryl-glycyl. The fusion protein produced was isolated and purified. Gel filtration studies indicated that CS1/MDH1 had a M(r) of approximately 170,000. Western blotting analysis with SDS gel indicated a M(r) of approximately 90,000-95,000 (theoretical M(r) = 87,000). This is the expected M(r) for the fusion protein subunit. The kinetics of CS1 and MDH1 activities of the fusion protein were compared to those of the free enzymes. In addition, the effect of AAT reaction, as a competitor for the intermediate OAA of the coupled MDH-CS reaction, was examined. It was observed that AAT was a less effective competitor for OAA when the CS1/MDH1 fusion protein is used than when the separate enzymes are employed. In addition, the transient time for the coupled reaction sequence was less for the fusion protein than for the free enzymes.
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PMID:Preparation and kinetic characterization of a fusion protein of yeast mitochondrial citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase. 791 85

Indian River male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were fed on diets containing 120, 210 and 300 g crude protein/kg diet and 0, 1.67 or 16.7 g added tryptophan (TRP)/kg diet. The hypothesis tested was that crude protein levels and TRP would affect both growth and neurotransmitter metabolism. Heart, brain and pancreatic neurotransmitter (noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxy-indole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA)) concentrations were determined by HPLC separation and electrochemical detection. Malate dehydrogenase (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylating) (NADP+) (MDH(NADP+); EC 1.1.1.40), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (ICD(NADP+); EC 1.1.1.42) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT; EC 2.6.1.1) activities were also measured. Supplemental TRP decreased growth and feed intake. Increasing dietary crude protein decreased MDH(NADP+), but increased (ICD(NADP+) and AAT activities. Additional dietary TRP decreased MDH(NADP+) activity, but had no effect on other enzyme activities. Cardiac NA concentrations were directly related to dietary crude protein levels while pancreatic levels were inversely related. An increase in dietary crude protein decreased both brain NA and DA. Supplemental dietary TRP increased both 5-HIAA and 5-HT. Changes in feed intake caused by different levels of both dietary crude protein and TRP are accompanied by altered levels of neurotransmitters. The present study indicates that much larger amounts of TRP are required to make simultaneous changes in feed intake and neurotransmitters.
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PMID:Crude protein and supplemental dietary tryptophan effects on growth and tissue neurotransmitter levels in the broiler chicken. 877 19

Homogenates of specific brain regions of three sensory systems (auditory, olfactory, and visual) were prepared from pigmented Long-Evans Hooded rats and assayed for amino acid concentrations and activities of glutaminase, aspartate aminotransferase (total, cytosolic, and by difference, mitochondrial), malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and choline acetyltransferase. Comparing the quantitative distributions among regions revealed significant correlations between AAT and aspartate, between glutaminase and glutamate, between glutamate and glutamine, and between AAT plus glutaminase, or glutaminase alone, and the sum of aspartate, glutamate, and GABA, suggesting a metabolic pathway involving the synthesis of a glutamate pool as precursor to aspartate and GABA. Of the inhibitory transmitter amino acids, GABA concentrations routinely exceeded those of glycine, but glycine concentrations were relatively high in brainstem auditory structures.
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PMID:Amino acid concentrations and selected enzyme activities in rat auditory, olfactory, and visual systems. 878 12


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