Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase)
 4,591 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) of adipose tissue was markedly decreased, both on a protein and on a fat cell number basis, in nonobese diabetics compared to control subjects, but was unchanged in obese diabetics. Average value in the obese diabetics was about fourfold higher than in nonobese diabetics. On the other hand, the activity of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC 1.1.1.40) was reduced by about 50% in both groups of diabetics. These findings suggest that in obese diabetics NADPH-generation in the adipose tissue, necessary for several biosynthetic processes, might be less severely depressed than in lean diabetics.
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PMID:NADPH-forming dehydrogenases in the adipose tissue of obese and nonobese diabetics. 78 67

The structure and histochemistry of the palmar and plantar skin were studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). In this skin there exist well-developed epidermal ridges, to which are attached one or two ducts of sweat glands. A thick stratum corneum can be seen in the epidermis, while a distinct stratum lucidum cannot be isolated from the other layers. The stratum granulosum is constituted by one or three layers of cells containing keratohyalin granules. Melanin granulations are mainly concentrated in the basal cells of the epidermal ridges. Dendritic melanocytes and amelanotic melanocytes containing alkaline phosphatase are found among the epidermal cells. Glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylases are mainly present in the middle and lower Malpighian cells of the epidermal ridges. Alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, alanyl amino-peptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were absent in the epidermal cells. SDH, cytochrome oxidase, MAO and a certain number of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases (LDH, ADH, MDH, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH and GDH) showed a stronger reactivity in the basal cells and Malpighian layer. The NADP-dependent enzymes (G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, cis-aconistase and ICDH) were more reactive in the upper Malpighian layer and stratum granulosum. The stratum corneum showed some acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase reactivity. The collagenous fibers intertwined with a small number of very thin elastic ones and a larger amount of reticular fibers run almost parallel to the epidermal ridges in the papillary body. In the reticular dermis some fibers are disposed transversely to the epidermal ridges. Meissner corpuscles reactive to butyrylcholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, nonspecific esterase and G-6-PA are disposed at regular intervals and frequently at each side of the epidermal ridges. Pacinian corpuscles were found only in the hypodermis. The eccrine sweat glands contain glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylase in their secretory, ductal and myoepithelial cells. The secretory part shows a uniform reactivity for every dehydrogenase because it contains only one type of cells (clear cells). The intraepidermal segment of the ducts shows a stronger reactivity to nonspecific esterase and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases than the epithelial cells around it.
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PMID:The skin of the palms and soles of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). 82 86

In the liver of adult diabetics, the activity of two enzymes of the citrate-cleavage pathway was increased, the change being statistically significant for NADP-malate dehydrogenase (+ 46%, p less than 0.05) but not significant for ATP citrate-lyase (+ 55%, p greater than 0.10). The increased activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase, together with the previously described elevation of pentose cycle dehydrogenases, suggests enhanced NADPH generation. Considering the recently proposed possibility of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA formation by routes other than the citrate-cleavage (i.e., via cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase), our data is consistent with the occurrence of increased lipogenetic capacity.
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PMID:Enzymes of citrate-cleavage pathway in liver of subjects with adult-onset diabetes. 83 95

In order to assess the extent to which metabolism within the sheep placenta may influence the transfer of metabolites between mother and foetus at different stages of gestation the activities of enzymes concerned with some aspects of carbohydrate, amino acid and keton body metabolism were determined in placental cotyledons resected from ewes during the last three months of pregnancy. The activities of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), citrate (si)-synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1), acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) and 3-keto acid CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) per gram wet weight cotyledon do not change during the period studied. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.42), ornithine-oxoacid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13) and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30) show an increase in activity between the third and fourth months of pregnancy whilst the activities of arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) and possibly pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) show an increase in activity between the fourth and final months of pregnancy. Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity declines to one tenth of its activity during this later period. The absence of detectable activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) indicate that gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis from ammonia do not occur in the sheep placenta. It appears that the ability of the placenta to metabolise several substrates is achieved by the time the placenta reaches its maximum size at approximately 90 days.
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PMID:Enzyme activities in the sheep placenta during the last three months of pregnancy. 84 73

The incorporation of various 14C-labeled amino acids into CO2 and lipids by rat lung slices was examined. Alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartate, and glutamate were oxidized by lung tissue, whereas glycine and phenylalanine were not oxidized. Carbon originating from alanine, leucine, and glutamate was incorporated into pulmonary fatty acids by a mechanism indicative of de novo synthesis. Experiments with specifically labeled [14C]aspartate and [14C]glutamate revealed that the complete citrate-malate cycle described by Patel et al. (25) is of minor importance in pulmonary lipogenesis due to the extremely low activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Glucose and pyruvate were also actively incorporated into fatty acids, and it is suggested that citrate in pulmonary tissue, as in other tissues, plays an important role in the transport of acetyl units from the mitochondria to the cell cytosol during lipogenesis from various carbohydrate and amino acid substrates.
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PMID:Pulmonary fatty acid synthesis. II. Amino acids as fatty acid precursors in rat lung. 85 Nov 80

In the presented study the influence of freezing and freeze-drying on enzyme activity is described. Attention is paid to 16 enzymes which can be used for quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques. With the exception of succinate dehydrogenase only, no significant inactivation during freezing and freeze-drying procedures could be demonstrated with lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (NAD+), malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, NADH-oxydoreductase, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosephosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and non specific aryl esterase. Therefore, the results supply a sound foundation for those quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques in which tissue specimens are frozen or frozen-dried before enzyme estimations are performed.
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PMID:The influence of freezing and freeze-drying of tissue specimens on enzyme activity. 87 Apr 61

Cell-free extracts of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were found to contain high activities of the following oxidoreductases (at 60 degrees C): pyruvate dehydrogenase (coenzyme A acetylating), 275 nmol/min per mg of protein; alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (coenzyme A acylating), 100 nmol/min per mg; fumarate reductase, 360 nmol/min per mg; malate dehydrogenase, 240 nmol/min per mg; and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 100 nmol/min per mg. The kinetic properties (apparent V(max) and K(M) values), pH optimum, temperature dependence of the rate, and specificity for electron acceptors/donors of the different oxidoreductases were examined. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase were shown to be two separate enzymes specific for factor 420 rather than for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), NADP, or ferredoxin as the electron acceptor. Both activities catalyzed the reduction of methyl viologen with the respective alpha-ketoacid and a coenzyme A-dependent exchange between the carboxyl group of the alpha-ketoacid and CO(2). The data indicate that the two enzymes are similar to pyruvate synthase and alpha-ketoglutarate synthase, respectively. Fumarate reductase was found in the soluble cell fraction. This enzyme activity coupled with reduced benzyl viologen as the electron donor, but reduced factor 420, NADH, or NADPH was not effective. The cells did not contain menaquinone, thus excluding this compound as the physiological electron donor for fumarate reduction. NAD was the preferred coenzyme for malate dehydrogenase, whereas NADP was preferred for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The organism also possessed a factor 420-dependent hydrogenase and a factor 420-linked NADP reductase. The involvement of the described oxidoreductases in cell carbon synthesis is discussed.
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PMID:Oxidoreductases involved in cell carbon synthesis of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. 91 79

1. 2-Oxoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate and citrate, cis-aconitate and isocitrate stimulate conversion of cholesterol to progesterone in human placental mitochondria. 2. The stimulatory effect of dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids depends on the activity of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.40) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.42), respectively.
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PMID:Regulation of progesterone biosynthesis in human placental mitochondria by Krebs cycle metabolites. 97 33

Alloxan diabetes and injections of hydrocortisone into intact animals for 5-7 days resulted in a sharp decrease of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Combined injection of insulin and hydrocortisone did not produce the decrease of the enzyme activity. Insulin injections into alloxan diabetic rats recovered the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase up to the control. Pyruvate kinase activity was decreased under diabetes, and insulin injections produced further decrease of the enzyme activity in diabetic rats. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase were less decreased under diabetes. Comparison of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes spectrum in adipose tissue of normal and diabetic rats revealed a considerable increase of LDH-1 and a decrease of LDH-4 under diabetes. Insulin injections greatly normalized LDH isoenzyme spectrum.
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PMID:[Antagonism in the action of hydrocortisone and insulin in vivo on enzymes of pyruvate and malate metabolism in adipose tissue]. 97 79

Two experiments were performed to investigate the biochemical changes associated with FLKS. A diet reported to induce FLKS was fed with or without supplementary biotin to broilers. In experiment 1 various stresses were applied to the birds. 2. In experiment 1 mortality from FLKS was 6% and in experiment 2 nil. Stress had little effect on the induction of the syndrome. 3. There were no significant differences due to diet in any of the variables examined in apparently normal birds. 4. Birds affected by FLKS showed the typical changes of increased liver and kidney weights and lipid contents but hepatic enzyme activities did not differ significantly from those of normal birds except that malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) activity was significantly decreased. 5. Despite the low content of biotin in the unsupplemented diet (57 mug/kg) liver biotin content was not low in birds fed on this diet. 6. The results suggest that the incidence of FLKS is not related solely to dietary biotin content.
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PMID:Aspects of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, dietary biotin and fatty liver and kidney syndrome in broilers. 100 Mar 27


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